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The Story of Palampur, Infrastructure, Activities, Production, Population,…

- - - - Since 1960:
        
        No cultivable land has been expanded
        
        Wastelands have been turned into cultivable land
        
        The cultivatable land can't be increased now, as there's no more scope for expansion.
    - - How are the growing crops with the limitation of land?
        
        Well developed system of irrigation
        
        Electricity: Has powered tube wells, and has replaced the Persian wheels being used before
        
        The first few tube wells were planted by the govt and then they were being privately made
      - How to increase production with the same set of land?
        
        Multiple cropping
        
        More than one crop is grown every year
        
        Farmers in Palampur have been growing 2 main crops, and potato as their third one for the past 10-15 years
        
        Modern farming methods
        
        Farmers from Punjab, Haryana and Western UP were the first ones to try out this method
        
        Tube wells were used for irrigation, seeds, chemical fertilizers and pesticides were used for farming
        
        It resulted in a higher yield of wheat
        
        Farmers now had a much larger wheat stock to sell in the market
        
        Comparison:
        
        The Green revolution
        
        This revolution made the farmers aware of HYV seeds, and this was why they switched to HYV seeds for wheat and rice
        
        This started in late 1960's
        
        This solved their issue for their issue of fixed land and increasing production, but came with consequences
        
        Along with chemical fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation higher yield was promised by HYV seeds
        
        Merits:
        
        Dependency on agriculture decreased
        
        Food prices went down, due to the competition in the market
        
        Rapid increase in food production
        
        Demerits:
        
        The fertility of the soil decreased, due to the chemicals being used
        
        Groundwater's level is decreasing, as it's being used in tubewell irrigation
        
        The two resources mentioned above are hard to restore
        
        Working capital required:
        
        HYV seeds
        
        Chemical fertilisers
        
        Pesticides
        
        Water
        
        Diesel
        
        Cash or money
        
        Difference between the two methods:
        
        Requires a great deal of capital
    - - Medium and Large farmers
        
        After harvesting
        
        Sell all the wheat to the market
        
        Capital
        
        They have their own savings
        
        Labour
        
        Farm labourers
        
        They crops grown aren't theirs, and they don't profit off them
        
        Belong to landless families or families cultivating small plots of land
        
        They are paid wages by who they work for
        
        Variation also exists in when they're employed like on a daily basis/whole year
        
        They differ from every region, crop, activity like sowing/threshing
        
        Either in cash/kind like meals
      - Small farmers
        
        Capital
        
        They borrow money from lage farmers/moneylenders/traders, and then have to pay back the loan with high interest
        
        After harvesting
        
        They keep some of the harvest for the family and sell the surplus (small amount)
        
        Labour
        
        Provide labour for themselves
- - - - Skilled labour
        
        Doctors, Accountants, Software Engineers etc
      - Semi-skilled labour
        
        Carpenters, Weavers, Goldsmiths etc.
      - Unskilled labour
        
        Casual labourers
  - - - Fixed capital
        
        Raw materials and money can't be used repeatedly for production and get used up in a single process
      - Working capital
        
        Tools, machines, buildings can be used repeatedly for production and don't get used up as the process goes on
- - - - There are too many farmers and too less land