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Part A: Development of Nationalism in Vietnam, Red 2. Orange 3. Purple -…
Part A: Development of Nationalism in Vietnam
Expression of Vietnamese Nationalist Movements (Some Examples)
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● These early nationalist organisations had limited success as they faced financial constraints despite seeking funding from China and Japan.
● They were no match for the French forces, which used force to clamp down on Vietnamese nationalist activities.
● Even though these early nationalist organisations were short-lived, they had stirred up the desire for independence among the people. The Japanese Occupation was to provide the opportunity for the further development of the Vietnamese nationalist movement.
Growth of Vietnamese anti-colonial sentiments due to impact of French rule on Vietnam
Vietnamese nationalism took on a militant and violent character for two reasons:
(a) the oppressive rule of the French
(b) the inspiration derived from the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905).
(a) the oppressive rule of the French
Even though improvements were made to the infrastructure of Vietnam, such as the construction of railways, the majority of the Vietnamese suffered under French colonial rule.
▪ Traditional rulers lost power
▪ Poor peasants lost their land as a result of indebtedness and land alienation.
▪ Western education was only available to the wealthy elites.
The Vietnamese grew increasingly unhappy due to the sufferings endured under French colonial rule 🡪 The majority of the Vietnamese did not benefit from French colonial rule and this led to the early beginnings of Vietnamese anti-colonialism and nationalism.
French education made the people conscious of the weakness and tyranny of French rule. They also learnt about the concepts of liberty, fraternity and equality from the French Revolution in 1789 and were familiar with the writings of Rousseau, Montesquieu and Voltaire.
(b) the inspiration derived from the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905).
Japan’s victory in the 1905 Russo-Japanese War also inspired nationalists.
Japan's war with Russia in 1904 inspired the Vietnamese in their opposition to Western rule: It was the first time, in the history of Asia, that an Asian country (Japan) was able to defeat a Western power (Russia).
A number of Vietnamese nationalists went to Japan to obtain technical help and training.
Vietnamese Nationalism before WW2
● Stage 1: Beginning of Vietnamese Nationalism (1912-1917)
● Stage 2: Moderate Nationalism (1917-1926)
● Stage 3: Revolutionary Nationalism (1927-1939)
● Stage 4: Nationalism during the Japanese Occupation (1941-1945)
Ho Chi Minh
Who was he?
Received a French education in Vietnam.
●Travelled abroad extensively, gaining exposure to Western ideas such as communism and developing a close relationship with Communist Soviet Union and China.
● First exposed to the communist ideology in France.
●At the Versailles peace talks in 1919, he petitioned the Western powers for the recognition of Vietnamese civil rights in French Indochina 🡪 petition was ignored, but it gained him recognition amongst the Vietnamese, especially members of the anti-colonial movement in Vietnam.
●In 1923, Ho Chi Minh travelled to the Soviet Union for the first time and came into contact with prominent communist Soviet leaders such as Leon Trotsky and Josef Stalin. During his time in the Soviet Union, he joined the international communist organisation (Comintern) and was subsequently sent to China to spread communism throughout Asia. In 1925, he founded the Revolutionary Youth League, made up of Vietnamese exiles living in China who were committed to revolution in Vietnam.
●As the organisation grew, it established contact with Vietnamese nationalist groups in Vietnam.
● In 1930, Ho Chi Minh founded the Indochinese Communist Party (ICP) from Hong Kong, unifying the different factions which had formed amongst the Vietnamese communists.
● Returned to Vietnam in 1941 and established the Viet Minh as a front organisation of the ICP.
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