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Biological Base, Neurotransmitter, Neurons, Nervous systems, function,…
Biological Base
Neuroanatomy
Myelin sheath 髓鞘 作用：加速neural impulses
terminal buttons contain neural impulses
Axon 轴突
Neurotransmitter 作用：neurons communicate
Cell body
Synapse
Dendrites 枝晶 作用：突触连接
neuron 一开始轻微带负电，因为负离子在细胞里，正离子围绕着细胞，细胞膜有选择性的渗透膜使正负分离。
其中一个的terminal button 被刺激 ，释放neurotransmitter 到synpase。
neurotransmitter 到另外一个neuron的 dendrites 的receptor sites 里面
如果neurotransmitter够了 另外一个neuron的cell membrane 会变得permeable，然后positive ions 进入 cell
named “action potential”
speed：120m/s
can fire completely or not fire
Neurotransmitter
GABA γ氨基丁酸
Important inhibitory
neurotransmitter
Seizures惊厥，sleep problems
Norepinephrine去甲肾上腺素
Alertness，arousal
Depression
Glutamate谷氨酸盐
Excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory
Migraines偏头痛 Seizures
Acetylcholine 乙酰胆碱
Motor Movement
Lack：Alzheimer
Dopamine多巴胺
Motor movement and
alertness
Lack：Parkinson Overabundance：schizophrenia 精神分裂
Endorphins Serotonin 内啡肽-5-羟色胺
Pain control Mood
control
Addictions Lack of serotonin：clinical depression
Neurons
Interneurons中间神经元
Neurons that take messages and send them out when messages reach the brain or spinal cord
Efferent Neurons/Motor neurons
Brings information from the brain to the rest of the body
Nervous systems
Peripheral Nervous System外周神经系统
Autonomic自主神经系统：Internal organs， lands，fight or flight response
Sympathetic交感神经系统
Respond to stress
Parasympathetic副交感神经系统
Slow down the body
Somatic躯体神经系统
Normal Peripheral Nervous System Transmission
Let us use an example to demonstrate how sensory information gets to our brain.
While on a late-night quest for a snack, you stub your toe on a cast-iron coffee
table. Sensory neurons in your toe are activated, and this message is transmitted
up a neuron that runs from your toe to the base of your spine (afferent nerves).
The message continues up your spinal cord on more afferent nerves until it
enters your brain through the brain stem and is transmitted to the brain’s sensory
cortex (see the next section, “Brain”) and you know you have stubbed your poor
little toe. Your motor cortex now sends impulses down the spinal cord to the
muscles controlling your leg and foot (efferent nerves), causing you to hop up
and down holding your damaged limb, muttering under your breath
Reflexes： an important exception
Most sensory information and muscle movements are controlled by the process
described above. However, humans have a few reflexes that work differently.
Certain reactions occur the moment sensory impulses reach the spinal cord. If
you stimulate the correct area just below your kneecap, your leg will jerk
without your conscious control. This sensory information is processed by the
spine, and the spine tells your leg to move. The information reaches your brain
and you realize your knee has been stimulated but only after this reflex has
occurred. Another important reflex occurs in response to intense heat or cold. If
we touch an object that is very hot or cold, our spine will send back a message
jerking us away from that object. This might help keep us from harming
ourselves, so it has adaptive value (it might help us survive, and therefore this
trait is passed on to our children).
Central Nervous System
Brain
Spinal Cord
function
Problems associated with an excess or deficit
