Brain
Ways of Studying the Brain
Lesions
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM脑电图（EEG）detect brain waves。 多用于研究睡眠问题
Accidents
COMPUTERIZED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY（CAT or CT ）扫描
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 核磁共振（MRI）
Only gives the structure of the brain，not the function
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
（PET）
Shows chemicals——activity
fMRI （Combines MRI with PET）
Structure and Function
HINDBRAIN后脑 in the top part of the spinal cord，
Life support system
Medulla髓质：control blood pressure血压，heart rate心率and breathing 呼吸
Medulla oblongata延髓 在spinal cord脊髓上面
p101
Pons 脑桥 connect hindbrain with midbrain and forebrain involved in control of facial expressions
Cerebellum小脑
coordinates some habitual muscle movement，such as tracking a target using eyes
Midbrain：coordinate simple movements with sensory formation
Reticular formation ：controls general body arousal and ability to focus attention. If it doesn't function, we fall into a deep coma深度昏迷
Forebrain
Thalamus丘脑
receive sensory signals coming up the spinal cord and send to appropriate areas in the rest of the forebrain
Hypothalamus下丘脑 control several metabolic functions including body temperature， sexual arousal，hunger，thirstand endocrine system. 甚至和是早起的人还是熬夜的人有关
Amygdala and hippocampus(around the thalamus) 杏仁核，海马体. amygdala _emotions, hippocampus_memory
Cerebral cortex大脑皮层
大脑的褶皱wrinkles 是 ffissures
刚出生时，大脑都是neurons unconnected， 随着我们学习 慢慢neurons connect
Hemisphere
contralateral control对侧控制（左半脑控制右边身体 右半脑控制左边身体）
左右脑功能不同（brain lateralization/hemispheric specialization）
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Most of this research in differences between the hemispheres is
done by examining split-brain patients—patients whose corpus callosum (the
nerve bundle that connects the two hemispheres, see Fig. 3.3) has been cut to
treat severe epilepsy. The operation was pioneered by neuropsychologists
Roger Sperry (1913–1994) and Michael Gazzinga (1939–present).
Structure of cerebral cortex
8 lobes， 4 on each hemisphere： frontal 额叶 parietal 顶叶 temporal颞叶 occipital枕骨
没有receive sensory info 或者 control muscle movement的就叫 association area
Parietal lobes
occipital lobes （visual images ）
Frontal lobes
Temporal Lobes（auditory informations language and speech）
prefrontal cortex（directing through processes “executive” foresee consequence， pursue goals maintain emotional control）
Motor cortex control muscles， voluntary movement
sensory cortex（touch sensations）
Brain Plasticity
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if one part of the brain
is damaged, dendrites might be able to make new connections in another part of
the brain that would be able to take over the functions usually performed by the
damaged part of the brain.