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Properties of Hydrocarbons - Coggle Diagram
Properties of Hydrocarbons
Bonding
Intermolecular
Weak dispersion forces
Non-polar
No dipole-dipole
Only C and H present
Intramolecular
Covalent
C-C
C-H
Alkenes 1+ double bonds
Alkynes 1+ triple bonds
Physical
Solubility
insoluble in water
water is polar
water cannot bond with nonpolar hydrocarbons
soluble in organic solvents
i.e. nonpolar substances
Viscosity
resistance to flow
larger hydrocarbons
larger intermolecular forces
more viscous
Density
lower than water
float on water
water has stronger intermolecular forces
polar, forms H bonds
density increase
Melting and Boiling Points
Low melting and boiling points
Change state at low temp
branches lowers bp slightly
isomers same mass
bp differ due to structure
Chemical
Intramolecular covalent bonds broken and reformed
Alkanes not very reactive
Single bonds not easily broken
Combustion
Undergo complete combustion
i.e. Ethane + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
hydrocarbons used as fuels
Dehydrogenation of alkanes
CH3 - CH3 -> Ch2 = CH2 +H2
production of ethene
manufacture of polymers
ripening of fruit
Substitution reactions
Atom of another element sub for H atom
UV light energy is required
Halogens, e.g. chlorine
Two products
Ethane + chlorine -> chloroethane + hydrogen chloride
Alkenes + alkynes do not undergo this rxn
Addition reactions
Unsaturated organic compounds i.e. alkenes, alkynes
Double/triple bond broken and other atoms added
Energy not required
In dark or in uv light
Can react with:
hydrogen
Hydrogen + alkene -> corresponding alkane
water
Halogens
Hydrogen halides