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Ethics - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Participants must know that they are involved in research
      - and give their consent. If the participants are deceived in any way about the
      - nature of the study, the deception must not be so extreme as to invalidate the
      - informed consent. The research the participants thought they were consenting
      - to must be similar enough to the actual study to give the informed consent
      - meaning. Also, researchers must be very careful about the trauma deception
      - may cause (see Risk, below).
  - - - —Participants’ privacy must be protected. Their
      - identities and actions must not be revealed by the researcher. Participants
      - have anonymity when the researchers do not collect any data that enable them
      - to match a person’s responses with his or her name. In some cases, such as
      - interview studies, a researcher cannot promise anonymity but instead
      - guarantees confidentiality, that the researcher will not identify the source of
      - any of the data.
  - - - —Participants cannot be placed at significant mental or physical risk.
      - Typically, it is considered permissible for participants to experience
      - temporary discomfort or stress but activities that might cause someone longterm
      - mental or physical harm must be avoided. This clause requires
      - interpretation by the review board. Some institutions might allow a level of
      - risk other boards might not allow. This consideration was highlighted by
      - Stanley Milgram’s obedience studies in the 1970s in which participants
      - thought they were causing significant harm or death to other participants (see
      - the “Social Psychology” chapter).
  - - - —After the study, participants should be told the purpose of the
      - study and provided with ways to contact the researchers about the results.
      - When research involves deception, it is particularly important to conduct a
      - thorough debriefing