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Water Technology - Coggle Diagram
Water Technology
Boiler troubles
Caustic Embrittlement
Because of using high soda content
Using Sodium Phosphate instead of Sodium Carbonate
Boiler Corrosion
Causes
Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved Carbon dioxide
Acids from dissolved salts
Prevention
By adding reducing agents
By Mechanical Deareation
Adding Ammonium hydroxide
Scales and Sludges
Scales
Causes
Presence of Calcium Bicarbonate
Solubility of Calcium sulphate
Hydrolysis of magnesium salts
Presence of Silica
Prevention
Internal Treatment
External Treatment
Removal
Chemical Treatment
Thermal Shocks
Chisel and Hammer
Sludge
Cause
Due to salts like CaSO4, MgSO4 etc.,
Prevention
By using well softened water
By Blow down operation
Priming and Foaming
Priming
Causes
Prevention
Foaming
Causes
Prevention
Concept of Hardness
Temporary Hardness
Permanent Hardness
Units of Hardness
Determination of Hardness by EDTA Method
Sources of water
Surface water sources
Rain water
River water
Lake / Pond
Seas / Oceans
Ground water sources
Wells
Springs
Disadvantages
Domestic Purposes
Industrial Purposes
Softening Techniques
Zeolite Method
Ion - Exchange Method
Desalination Techniques
Reverse Osmosis
Electrodialysis
Drinking water standards
BIS Standards
WHO Standards