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1.2 1955-68 Changing patterns, Rosa-Parks-bus-Montgomery-Alabama-1956,…
1.2 1955-68 Changing patterns
From 1955 onwards civil rights members knew the importance of getting in the public eye.
1955 Montgomery Bus Boycot
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1st December 1955 Rosa Parks was arrested for sitting on a white reserved seat on a bus.
A NAACP lawyer took her case and the MIA was formed.
MLK was chosen as leader and they organised a boycott.
The boycott started on the 5th December and lasted 380 days.
75% of bus users were black and 90% of them avoided the buses.
MLK and others in the MIA were arrested on conspiracy to boycott.
The supreme court then ruled bus segregation unconstitutional on 13th December 1956.
Impact: However, this success hardened the racial divide as in the following election whites favoured candidates who proposed segregation.
Three days after the segregation MLKS house was firebombed and black passengers were sniped.
MARTIN LUTHER KING SCLC (1957)
In 1957, he set up the southern Christian Leadership conference. He refined the non-violent methods.
He suggested that black people should not take part in violence.
Getting arrested publicly in a peaceful way was good.
Working with white people was good.
CAMPAIGNING IN THE SOUTH
LITTLE ROCK NINE
1957
Little Rock Nine 1957: Little Rock had a racist Governor Orval Faubus. In 1957 9 Black Children we selected to attend an all-white school.
On the first day of school Faubus sent the national Guard, 'for their safety'. However, one student did not get the message so she had to walk through an angry mob of people saying "lynch her".
These images circulated around the world and MLK had a meeting with Eisenhower to explain the political damage.
Eisenhower Reluctantly sent in the military to guard the children
GREENSBORO SIT-INS 1960
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1st Feb 1960 4 black students sat at the desegregated counter at a Greensboro store and sat there until the shop shut.
The following day another 30 students joined and this happened until all seats were occupied.
Young White people tried to heckle the protestors by pouring food on them and blowing smoke. However, the black people did not retaliate and were well dressed.
This image was conveyed by the media.
THE SNCC
1960
Set up in North Carolina.
Racially integrated group that was non-violent. members even had training in how to deal with abuse.
They sent out 'field secretaries' to live in dangerous parts in the south to push voter registration.
The SNCC took protests into areas that were extremely violent.
FREEDOM RIDES 1961
Cordinated by SNCC and CORE. James Farmer organised a series of rides in the south to check if bus restroom facilities were desegregated.
Farmer did this with the intention of getting an extreme reaction.
In the first two buses free-riders were beaten up.
In Alabama a bus was firebombed and chased by 50 cars.
3 riders died.
FREEDOM SUMMER 1964
In this election year the SNCC tried to push for voter registration by sending 45 well-off whites to MISSISSIPPI.
After they sent off the first batch 3 went missing.
They were found dead 6 weeks after.
Out of the 17,000 who tried to register for vote 1,600 were accepted
BIRMINGHAM 1963
Was nicknamed bombingham for the amount of times black people were bombed.
MLK with his SCLC wanted to desegregate the whole town. They tried to fill the jails and children were trained in protest methods.
'Bull' Connor ordered his men to use Fire Hoses and dogs.
When Kennedy saw the images he said he was ashamed and pushed through legislation and Birmingham was desegregated.
