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endocrine system - Coggle Diagram
endocrine system
lslet of Langerhans
β cell
insulin 胰島素
功能
降血糖：translocation of GLUT4 → uptake glucose
合成大分子
降血鉀
muscle
glucose uptake & utilization
glycogen synthesis
a.a. uptake
protein synthesis
adipocyte
glucose uptake & utilization
TAG synthesis
liver
glucose uptake & utilization
glycogen synthesis
TAG synthesis
✘ ketone synthesis
疾病
糖尿病(高血糖)
類型
T1DM
～5% autoimmune destruction of 𝝱 cell
genetic
insulin-depenent diabetes mellitus(IDDM)
T2DM
non-insulin-depenent diabetes mellitus(NIDDM)
adult onset
insulin resistance
症狀
diabetic ketoacidosis
酮酸中毒
細胞沒glucose可用、改用fatty acid為能量來源
𝝱-oxidation產生ketone body
diabetes insipidus
尿崩症
高血糖→滲透壓↑→利尿→低血壓
低血糖
glucose-counterregulatory control
glucagon、epinephrine & norepinephrine
glucose, glycerol, FA ↑
腎上腺epinephrine
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骨骼肌
1 more item...
交感神經norepinephrine
肝臟
2 more items...
脂肪細胞
(分泌hormone sensitive lipase(HSL))
1 more item...
growth hormone、cortisol
周邊細胞 glucose uptake ↓
調控
＋
glucose↑
a.a
incretin(GIP,GLP-1,CCK)
Ach(parasym.)
glucagon
−
somatostatin
noreponephrine(sym.)、epinephrine
γ cell
pancreatic polypeptide
δ cell
somatostatin 體抑素
α cell
glucagon 升糖素
(來源)
胰島 α cell
❸ glucagon
❷ GRPP
小腸 L cell
❷+❸ glicentin
❹/❺ GLP-1/2
調控
glucose↓
功能
肝臟(才有receptor)
→cAMP→PKA
Ketone synthesis ↑
Glycogenolysis ↑
glycogen→G6P
Gluconeogenesis ↑
pyruvate→PEP
F2,6-BP↓ (F1,6-BP→F6P)
機制
adrenal gland
medulla
受交感節前神經元Ach、glucocorticoid調控
epinephrine(多)
norepinephrine(少)
chromaffin cell
源自於neural crest
似交感節後神經元、但無axon
cortex
zona glomerulosa
aldosterone(醛固酮/礦物性皮質素)
zona fasciculata
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cortisol(皮質醇/糖皮質素)
zona reticularis
#
androgen(雄性激素)
steroid-secreting cell
lipid drop
儲存原料cholesterol(膽固醇)
sER、粒線體
合成steroid(類固醇)
受ACTH調控