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CHAPTER 3
PERCEPTION AND LEARNING ( PART 1), 6. Self-fulling prophecy
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6. Self-fulling prophecy
- The perceptual process in which our expectations about another person cause that person to act, more consistency with those expectations.
Contingencies of Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
- Occur at the beginning of a relationship
Four steps in the self-fulling prophecy process:
- Supervisor forms expectations about the employee
- Supervisor’s expectations affect his or her behaviour toward the employee
- Supervisor’s behaviour affects the employee’s ability and motivation.
- Employee’s behaviour becomes more consistent with the supervisor’s initial expectations.
Main lesson- leaders need to develop and maintain a positive, realistic, expectation toward all employees.
Positive Organizational Behaviour
- A perspective of organizational behaviour that focuses on building positive qualities and traits within individuals or institutions as opposed to focusing on what is wrong with them.
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Self-concept and organizational behaviour
- Helps to explain leadership, team dynamics, employee motivation, decision making influence, organizational commitment and other - Four processes shape self concepts: self-enhancement, self-verification, self-evaluation, and social self
c) Self- evaluation
- Can be defined in 3 elements which are:
i. self-esteem – the extent to which people like, respect and are satisfied with themselves-represents a global self-evaluation
ii. self-efficiency – a person’s belief that he or she has the ability, motivation, correct role perceptions, and favourable situation to complete a task successfully
iii. Locus of control – a person’s general belief about the amount of control he or she has over personal life events
a) Self-enhancement
- A person’s inherited motivation to have a positive elf-concept and to have others perceive him or her favourably.
Example, being competent , attractive, lucky, ethical an important.Have positive and negative:
- Positive*, individuals tends to experience better mental and physical health and adjustment when they view their self-concept in positive sight
- Negative, self-enhancement can result in a bad decision.
d) Social Self (social identity)Personal identity ( internal self-concept)
- Consists of attributes that make unique and distinct from people in the social groups to which are have a connection.
Social identity (external self-concept)
- Social identity is a complex combinations of many memberships arranged in a hierarchy of important.
- Identified as a central theme of “social identity theory”
- A theory stating that people define themselves by the groups to which they belong or have an emotional attachment
b) Self-verification
- A person’s inherent motivation to confirm and maintain his or her existing self-concept.
Several implication:
- affects the perceptual process
2.the clearer the individual’s self-concept
- employees are motivated to interact with others who affirm their self-concept
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Other Perceptual Effects
2) False Consensus effect
- Known as similar-to-me effects
- When people overestimate that extent to which others have similar belief or behaviour to their own.
4) Recency Effects
- Most of recent information dominates our perceptions
- Perceptual bias is most common when people are making an evaluation evolving complex in formations.
3) Primary effects
- Our tendency to quickly from an opinion of the people on the basic of "First information we received about them"
- First impression are lasting impressions :
1) Halo effects
- occur when our general impression of a lesson
- Based on one prominent characteristic, distorts our perceptions of other characteristic of that one person
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Attribution theory
- The perceptual process of deciding whether an observed behaviour or event is caused largely by internal or external factors.
Two most common of attribution errors:
a) Fundamental attribution error- the tendency to see the person rather than the situation as the main cause of that person’s behaviour
b) Self-serving bias- the tendency to attribute our favourable outcomes to internal factors and our failures to external factors
Attribution is a necessary process that need form cause and effect relationships to survive in environment
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Self- Concept
- An individual’s self-beliefs and self-evaluation
- General term used to refer to how someone thinks or perceive themselves.
- Tends to improve performance and is considers vital for leadership roles.
a) Complexity
- Degree of complexity
- Determine not only by the number of selves but also by the separation of those selves.
c) Clarity
- Degree of which is clear, confidently defined and stable self-concept.
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b) Consistency
- Internal consistency
- People have high internal consistency when most their self-perceived roles require similar personality traits, values and other attributes.
Stereotyping in organizations setting
- The process of assigning traits to people based on their membership in a social categories
Process that can lead to combination of social identity and self-enhancement:1. categorization: social identity is a comparative process and the comparison begins by categorizing people into distinct group.
- homogenization: to simplify the comparison process, and tend to think that people within each group are similar to another.
- Differentiation: self-enhancement motivate us to have a positive self-concept
Stereotyping occur when:
i. As a form of categorical thinking
ii. Need to understand and anticipate how others will behave.
iii. It enhances our self-concept.
Problem with stereotyping:
I. Unintentional discrimination
II. Intentional discrimination or prejudice.
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