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religion and humanism - Coggle Diagram
religion and humanism
church and chuchmen
all people theoretically belonged to the Catholic Church and were therefore under the jurisdiction of the Pope
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the church was the focus of entertainment - festivals produced much needed enjoyment and its guilds and confraternities offered charity, good fellowship and a chance for ordinary religious people to contribute to the good of their local community
church made it easier for social and political elites to maintain social control through its encouragement of good behaviour
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successive popes did little to interfere with the running of the church in England - relationship between the church and the state was erastian ( view that state should have authority over the church)
papacy had no objection over the way Henry used the wealth of the church to reward churchmen whom he had rewarded high political office
church was administered through two provinces (York and Canterbury) under the jurisdiction of the archbishops. there was seventeen diocese under the control of a bishop
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social role of church
people made investments into parish churches - lay people paid for the objects which accompanied services - the dying would often leave money to the church in their wills
benefactors (a person who makes a charitable donation) would leave money for the foundation of chantries (chapels where masses for the dead would take place) - benefactors saw their donation as a way of benefitting the religious experience of themselves and their community
confraternities - groups of men and sometimes women gathered together usually in association with the parish church to provide collectively for the funeral costs of members, to pay chaplains for their masses, to help maintain church fabric, to make charitable donations and to socialise
guilds were popular - varied in size and wealth - wealthier guilds could be sources of local patronage and power, some ran schools and almshouses, maintained bridges and highways and see walls.
going on pilgrimage was another way one could gain relief from purgatory. - visit tombs of saints eg. Thomas Beckett at Canterbury (was England's primary pilgrimage site) a simpler form of pilgrimage happened on Rogation sunday when the whole community would walk around parish boundaries, praying for protection.
religion was emphasised as a social activity bu the importance of individual religion became more important - was emphasised in the writing of mystics who believed in the personal communication with God
religious community, beliefs and services
to reach heaven it was necessary to observe as many of the seven sacraments as possible. - Baptism, Confirmation, Marriage, Annointing of the sick, Pennance, Holy orders and Eucharist
the central religious experience came with the Mass where the priest would perform the sacrament of Holy Communion, known as the Eucharist - the climax of the ceremony is where the priest consecrated the bread and the wine known as transubstantiation.
mass was important - it was a sacrifice performed by the priest on behalf of the community and it was a sacred ritual where the whole community participated
Corpus Christi - one of most important festivals of 15th century emphasising the importance of consecrated bread
religious orders
monastic orders
one per cent of male adults by c1500 were monks who lived in monasteries. the oldest and most common religious order was the Benedictines named after St Benedict who devised the first monastic rule. Some of the larger benedictine houses such as Durham also operated as the cathedral churches of their diocese. a large proportion of monks in the larger houses were drawn from the wealthier parts of society
friars
worked among lay people, largely supported by charitable donations, arose in 13th century. the three main orders of friars were the Dominicans, the Franciscans and the Augustinians. orders of friars seem to have recruited from lower down the social scale than larger monasteries. largely over by the 15th century
nunneries
much less prestige, populated by women deemed unsuitable for marriage, most nunneries were relatively poor and many entered the convents as a last resort
Lollards, heresy and anticlericalism
Lollardy - founded by John Wycliffe, emerged in England in the second half of 14th century. placed stress on the understanding of the Bible and favoured its translation into English, they were sceptical about transubstantiation and the eucharist and believed the Catholic Church to be corrupt. they denied the idea of special status of priesthood.
Lollard beliefs were considered heresy (the denial of the validity of the key doctrines of the church) although they still persisted in parts of southern England. popularity declined after failed Lollard uprising of 1414
criticism of the church did exist - assumed that there was widespread anticlericalism in late-medieval England. although specific bursts of anticlericalism were rare and priests retained the support of most members of the laity