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Biology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Eukaryotic cells
      - Unicellular or multicellular
    - - Prokaryotic
      - Unicellular
      - Extremophiles
    - - Prokaryotic cells
      - unicellular
      - Pathogens
  - - - Eukaryotic
      - Lack cell walls
      - Heterotrophic
      - Multicellular
    - - cell wall - cellulose
      - Autotrophic
      - Photosynthesis
      - Multicellular
      - vascular (xylem, phloem), non-vascular
    - - Cell wall - Chitin
      - saprotrophic
      - Spores
      - Multicellular
      - Lack chlorophyll
    - - extremophiles
      - unicellular
      - Algae (plant-like, autotrophic, photosynthesis, cell wall cellulose)
      - Protozoans (animal-like, heterotrophic, lack cell wall, no photosynthesis
  - - - Ecosystem diversity: the range of ecosystems
      - Species diversity: the range of species in an ecosystem
      - Genetic diversity: the range of genetic characteristics in a species
  - - - Random Distribution i.e. plants
      - Clumping distribution: pack mentality i.e. wolves
      - Uniform distribution: common in high density populations or temporary breeding grounds
- - - - 1) the more closely related the more characteristics they share
      - 2) some characteristics shared by a group will not be present in distant relations
      - 3) if a feature is shared the more likely it evolved from a common ancestor
  - - - uses physical structures and biological processes
      - represented as a branching flowchart or series of paired statements
  - - - no vascular system
      - water movement through osmosis
    - - Vascular system
      - spores, microscopic, no nutrient storage
      - first vascular plants, seedless
    - - Vascular system
      - Pollen and seeds
      - Cones
      - seedless in cones naked seeds pollen
    - - Vascular system for transport
      - pollen and seeds
      - Flowers
      - Flowers & fruits, Plants & grasses
  - - - Hybrids: results of two different species breeding
        
        generally don't survive well
        
        do not displace either parent species
        
        Important in ecosystems
        
        Example: mule female horse/male donkey infertile. Hinny male horse/female donkey.
        
        Grolar bear survives well in wild populations, fertile
      - Morphological species concept: commonly applied when analysing fossils
      - Phylogenetic species concept: species are the smallest group of organisms who all ca trace their origins back to a common ancestor
- - - - the ideal niche that an organism would occupy with no competition, predators or parasites
    - - Is narrower and the one the organism must fit into
        
        predators and parasites mean it cannot exploit its environment
        
        uneven distribution through potential geographical range and changes in behaviour to some members of a species in certain areas
- - - - the years between fire or the number of fires at a time
      - maintaining fire for short lived species
      - frequent fires reduce shrub cover and encourage grass species in some vegetation types
      - longer periods may encourage greater understorey density
    - - the area covered of a fire (recommended mosaic burning technique)
      - unburnt areas provide refuge for animals during a fire and a base where they can recolonise
      - unburnt areas provide vital food sources
      - fragmented landscape can result in local animal extinction
    - - the time of year
      - vegetation type, burn objective, weather and associated environmental variables influence burn season
      - recommended vary in seasons as burning in one season will not benefit the ecosystem
      - must consider safety and fire threat to life and property
    - - the temperature of the fire
      - wind speed, temperature, low humidity, strong winds and greater amounts of fuel loads
      - measure the amount of energy released and is measured in kw per m
      - cool to moderate fires are desired, hotter fires are more destructive but can stimulate seed release
- - - - symbiosis = mutualism, parasitism, commensualism
      - competition = interspecific and antraspecifc
      - Predation = predator vs prey
      - herbivores = bunny vs grass
      - collaboration = penguins trying to stay warm
      - disease = factors impacting our living factors
- - - - increases runoff
      - reduces infiltration
      - increases flooding
      - increases soil erosion
  - - - Burning fossil fuels generates huge amounts of carbon that cannot be taken up fast enough by carbon sinks
      - excess carbon contributes to global warming, loss of biodiversity, rising sea levels, violent storms, and changes in precipitation patterns
      - removal of vegetation decreases primary production and biodiversity
  - - - use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers stimulate algal blooms, depleting oxygen and decreases biodiversity
      - overplanting crops depletes nitrogen from soil
      - burning fossil fuels forms nitrogen dioxide in atmosphere, can react with water forming nitric acid and resulting in acid rain