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Gender and Colonialism - Coggle Diagram
Gender and Colonialism
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Gender and conflict
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Gendered representations, legitimising war
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War re-inscribes patriarchal structures, distinguishing the protectors (men, agents) from the protected (women, objects)
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In Western culture, a #woman must expose herself to men in order to be a source of pleasure for them! Is there a graver form of oppression?! They call this ‘#freedom,’ and the opposite they call ‘captivity’! While on the contrary, women’s modest dress brings them respect.
Private Jessica Lynch
Supply specialist, 507th Maintenance Company
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Male death – heroic, sacrificial
Female death – victim, tragic
Militarised Masculinity
Military masculinities are 'produced through military training designed to dispossess the subject of their citizen identity and expunge 'feminine' attributes.
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Women in the military
Liberal feminists: women's participation is symbolically important, not least because the citizen-soldier willing to sacrifice themselves for the community has been constituted as the epitome of citizenship.
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Women, Peace and Security (UNSCR 1325)
Focuses on the ability of women to play a role in the prevention and resolution of conflicts and in peacebuilding.
Calls on states to implement international law to protect the rights of women and girls during and after conflict – with a particular emphasis on sexual violence.
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Recognises women as active participants and agents in peace processes, not just passive victims
Conclusion on gender
Gender is crucial to conceptions of conflict and security, but different feminist approaches frame this relationship in different ways
Amongst feminist scholars conflation of women with peace and men with war has lost favour, yet as UNSCR 1325 demonstrates the idea can still be mobilised for instrumental purposes as a part of feminist peace activism.
Poststructural and postcolonial approaches demonstrate that gender is not simply another variable to be added to traditional approaches to security, but problematize the very bases of those analyses – e.g., by highlighting how Realism is underpinned by a fundamentally gendered conception of world politics.
Feminist approaches have been challenged for prioritising gender over other important markers of identity, like class and race, though this is something more recent poststructural feminist analysis has begun to explore, while it is a central element of postcolonial feminism and their critique of other feminist approaches.
Ethnic War
Quotes
“The creation of a peaceful regional order of nation-states has usually been the product of a violent process of ethnic separation. In areas where that separation has not yet occurred, politics is apt to remain ugly” (Muller 2008:18)
“European stability during the Cold War era was in fact due partly to the widespread fulfilment of the ethnonationalist project… Much of the history of twentieth-century Europe, in fact, has been a painful, drawn-out process of ethnic disaggregation” (Muller 2008: 19, 24)
“Partition may thus be the most humane lasting solution to such intense communal conflicts. The challenge for the international community in such cases is to separate communities in the most humane manner possible: by aiding in transport, assuring citizenship rights in the new homeland, and providing financial aid for resettlement and economic absorption” (Muller 2008: 34).
Winston Churchill, 1944: “Expulsion is the method which, so far as we have been able to see, will be the most satisfactory and lasting. There will be no mixture of populations to cause endless trouble… A clean sweep will be made. I am not alarmed at the prospect of the disentanglement of population, nor am I alarmed by these large transferences” (quoted in Muller 2008: 27).
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Conclusion
Are New Wars distinct from Old Wars, how do they differ, and what are the analytical and practical benefits of the concept?
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