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English
Unit 1. Chile Rights
That the participant masters the modal auxiliary verbs in present.
Modal Auxiliary Verbs (Present)
The most common auxiliary verbs are "be," "do," and "have".
Other common auxiliaries are "can," "could," "may," "might," "must," "ought," "should," "will," and "would."
The Use of Tenses
The use of tenses in English may be quite complicated, but the structure of English tenses is actually very simple.
The basic structure for a positive sentence is:
Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb
Most Common Auxiliary Verb
SIMPLE do + base verb (except future: will + base verb)
SIMPLE PERFECT have + past participle
CONTINUOUS be + ing
CONTINUOUS PERFECT have been + ing
Other Auxiliaries
There are various modal auxiliary verbs, many falling into pairs, e.g., can/could, may/might, shall/should, will/would, must, ought to and dare.
The meanings they express are complex and depend upon the context of their use.
The meanings expressed by some modal auxiliary verbs are similar to those expressed by adverbs such as ‘maybe’, ‘certainly’ ‘possibly’ and so on.
Can is an auxiliary verb, a modal auxiliary verb. We use can to:
talk about possibility and ability
make requests
ask for or give permission
Structure of Can
Subject + can + main verb
Could: Requests
We often use could in a question to ask somebody to do something.
May
I may go to New York. (to indicate possibility)
May I help you? (to ask permission)
Vocabulary
• inhumane: cruel and causing suffering to people or animals.
• kidnap: to take a person away illegally by force, usually in order to demand money in exchange for releasing them.
• mistreatment: the act of treating a person or animal badly, cruelly, or unfairly.
That the participant discuss about child rights.
Reading and Discussion: Child Rights
The Convention on the Rights of the Child put children's rights on the world's agenda; it is the most widely ratified treaty in the world.
Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on November 20, 1989, the Convention promises children around the world the right to life, liberty, education, and health care.
It provides protection to children in armed conflict, protection from discrimination, protection from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, protection within the justice system, and protection from economic exploitation, in addition to many other fundamental protections.
Despite the convention's near-universal ratification (only the U.S. and Somalia have not ratified it); children are still denied their basic rights.
Unit 2. Human Rights
That the participant discuss about human rights.
Speech: Human Rights
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people.
Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law.
That the participant masters the modal auxiliary verbs in past.
Modal Auxiliary Verbs (Past)
Could is an auxiliary verb, a modal auxiliary verb. We use could to:
talk about past possibility or ability
make requests
Structure of Could
Subject + could + main verb
Use of Could Could:
Past Possibility or Ability
We use could (positive) and couldn't (negative) for general ability in the past.
But when we talk about one special occasion in the past, we use be able to (positive) and couldn't (negative).
Vocabulary
Freedom: the condition or right of being able or allowed to do, say, think, etc. whatever you want to, without being controlled or limited.
Barbarous: extremely cruel or unpleasant, or failing to reach acceptable social standards.
Rebellion: violent action organized by a group of people who are trying to change the political system in their country.
Unit 3. New Constitution for Panama
That the participant masters the modal auxiliary verbs in future.
Modal Auxiliary Verbs (Future)
The word will is a modal auxiliary verb and future tenses are sometimes called "modal tenses".
Using Modals
To show respect and politeness, most people use modal expressions when making requests.
Common Problems with Modals
Using “to” unnecessarily.
Using anything but the base form after a modal.
Using double modals.
Omitting “be” in certain modal expressions.
Using wrong word order in questions.
Vocabulary
Education: the process of teaching or learning, especially in a school or college, or the knowledge that you get from this.
State: a country or its government.
Principles: a moral rule or standard of good behaviour.
That the participant discusses constitutional rights.
Reading and Discussion: New Constitution for Panama
Law 47 of 1946, Organic of Education establishes in its first title the principles, aims and norms of education.
Education is a right and a duty of the human person, without distinction of ethnicity, age, sex, religion, economic, social position or political ideas.
Panamanian education is based on universal, humanistic, civic, ethical, moral, democratic, scientific, technological principles, on the idiosyncrasy of our communities and on the national culture.
Permanent education as a process that is carried out throughout the life of the human being.
Unit 4. Transformation Education in Panama
That the participant masters the prepositions of time.
Preposition of Time (at, in, on, etc.)
Prepositions of Time at, in, on:
at for a precise time.
in for month, years, centuries and long periods.
on for days and dates.
When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.
Vocabulary
English Prepositions List
Before: at or during a time earlier than (the thing mentioned).
Behind: at the back (of).
Below: in a lower position (than), under.
That the participant discuss about a new constitution for Panama.
Reading and Discussion: Transformation of Education in Panama
Changes Made to the Educational System
In 1953 the Ministry of Education put into effect new plans and programs, which were based on previous programs.
In 1960, the Ministry of Education created the National Directorate for Educational Planning, thus incorporating planning into the development of national education.
In 1961, modified programs were put into effect by a Review Commission of Programs and Study Plans, created that same year.
In 1975 educational reform began with the purpose of restructuring and reorienting the National Educational System.