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SUMMARY CHAPTER 1, 2, 3 & 4 - Coggle Diagram
SUMMARY CHAPTER
1, 2, 3 & 4
CHAPTER 1: FONDATION OF
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
1. SENDER-RECEIVER/
SOURCE-RECEIVER
Involve 2 person:
(i) SOURCE
- Person or thing creates messages
One will formulate and sends messages
(ii) RECEIVER
- Person or things that takes in messages
One will perceives and comprehends messages
2. ENCODING
DECODING
(i) ENCODING
- The process of putting a messages into a codes
(ii) DECODING
- The process of extracting a message from a code
3. COMPETENCE
refer both the knowledge of communication
IC competence
4. MESSAGES
(i)
FEEDBACK MESSAGES
-Messages sent back to the speaker concerning reactions to what it said
-
(ii)
FEED FORWARD
MESSAGES- Information you provide before sending your primary messages
5. CHANNEL
The vehicle or medium through which signals are sent connecting source and receiver (bridge)
telephone, email, FTF, radio, teleconferencing
6. NOISE
(i) Physical Noise
(ii) Physiological Noise
(iii) Psychological Noise
(iv) Semantic Noise
7. CONTEXT
(i) Physical
(ii) Social-psychological
(iii) Cultural
(iv) Temporal
8. PURPOSE
-to influence
to relate
to learn
9. ETHICS
-
PRINCIPLES OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION:
(i) IPC IS A TRANSACTIONAL PROCESS
(ii) IPC IS PURPOSEFUL
(iii) IPC IS AMBIGUOUS
(iv) IPC MAY BE SYMMETRICAL OR COMPLEMENTARY
(v) IPC REFERS TO CONTENT AND RELATIONSHIP
(vi) IPC IS A SERIES OF PUNCTUATED EVENT
(vii) IPC IS INEVITABLE, IRREVERSIBLE AND UNREPEATABLE
INEVITABILITY
IRREVERSIBILITY
UNREPEATABILITY
CHAPTER 2: CULTURE IN IPC
THE NATURE OF CULTURE
refers to the relatively specialized lifestyle of a group of people- values, beliefs, artifacts, ways of behaving and ways of communicating
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
A Model of Intercultural Communication- communication between persons who have different cultural beliefs, values or ways of behaving.
The Relevance of Culture:
(i) Demographic Changes
(ii) Sensitivity to Cultural Differences
(iii) Economic and Political Interdependence
(iv) Spread of Technology
(v) Culture-Specific Nature of IPC
The Aim of Cultural Perspective:
(i) Cultural influences the all types of communication – group vs individual
(ii) A cultural emphasis helps distinguish what is universal from what is relative – issues on interpersonal difficulties
(iii) Cultural understanding is needed to communication effectively – social vs personal life
Principles for Improving Intercultural Communication:
(i) Educate Yourself
(ii) Reduce Uncertainty
(iii) Recognize Differences
(iv) Confront your stereotype
(v) Adjust your communication
(vi) Reduce Your Ethnocentrism
2 Types/Categories:
(i) Enculturation
- transmitted from 1 generation to another
Ethnic Identity- a commitment to the beliefs and philosophy of your culture
Ethnocentrism – your culture
s superior compare to other culture
(ii) Acculturation
- learn the rules and norms of culture different
from your native culture
HOW CULTURE DIFFERS:
Power Distance
Masculine and Feminine Culture
Individual and Collective Orientation
High-Low-Context Cultures
High-Ambiguity-Tolerant and Low-Ambiguity-
Tolerant Cultures
(i)
High-Ambiguity-Tolerant Culture
(Low- anxiety)
(ii)
Low-Ambiguity-Tolerant Cultures
(High-anxiety)
Long-Term & Short-Term Orientation
Indulgence and Restraint
Chapter 3: Perception of the Self and Others in Interpersonal Communication
Self –Concept- the way you see your self
It consists your feelings and thoughts, about your strengths and weaknesses, abilities and limitations, aspirations and worldview
develop from 4 sources
:
(i) Other’s image of you
(ii) Social comparisons
(iii) Cultural teachings
(iv) Your own interpretations and evaluations
Social Comparisons
(How do I compare to my peers)
Cultural Teaching
(How do I fulfill the teachings of my culture)
Your Own Interpretations and Evaluations
(How do I evaluate my own feelings and behaviors)
Self- Awareness- your insight into and knowledge about yourself
The Johari Window:
(i) Open Self
(ii) Blind Self
(iii) Hidden Self
(iv) Unknown Self
The ways to increase self-awareness
(i) Ask yourself about yourself
(ii) Listen to others
(iii) Actively seek information about yourself
(iv) See your different selves
(v) Increase your open self
Self-Esteem- the value you place on yourself
Ways to Increase Self-Esteem
(i) Attack Your Self-Destructive Beliefs
(ii) Seek Out Nourishing People
(iii) Work on Projects That will Result in Success
(iv) Remind yourself of your successes
(v) Engage in Self-Affirmation (Secure Affirmation)
5 stages of perception
Stages 1: Stimulation
(i) Selective attention- you attend to those things that you anticipate will fulfill your needs or will provide enjoyable
(ii)
Selective exposure*
- you expose yourself to people or messages that will confirm you existing beliefs, contribute to your objectives or prove satisfying in some way
Stages 2: Organization
(i) Organization by rules
(ii) similarity rule
(iii) contrast rule is the opposite of similarity
(iv) Organization by schemata
(v) Organization by scripts
Stages 3: Interpretation-Evaluation
(i) interpretation-evaluation step is inevitability subjective and is greatly influenced by your experiences, needs, wants, values, beliefs about the way things are or should be, expectations, physical, emotional state and etc
Stage 4: Memory
(i) Your perceptions and their interpretations-evaluations are put into memory
Stages 5: Recall
(i) The stage in which you retrieve your information
Perception Process (Impression Formation Process)
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Implicit Personality Theory
3.Perceptual Accentuation
Primacy-Recency
Consistency
Stereotyping
7.Attribution
CHAPTER 4: LISTENING IN IPC
THE LISTENING PROCESS
- an active process of receiving aural stimuli consisting of
five stages:
(i) receiving
(ii) understanding
(iii) remembering
(iv) evaluating
(v) responding to verbal (spoken and written) and/or nonverbal messages
WHY LISTENING SKILLS IMPORTANT?
(i) Purposes of Listening
(ii) Profesional Benefits
(iii) Relationship Benefits
EFFECTIVE LISTENING
Emphatic and Objective Listening
Non judgemental and Critical Listening
Surface and Depth Listening
Active and Inactive Listening
Functions of Active Listening
(i) Check your understanding of what the speaker said and meant
(ii) Expressing acknowledgement and acceptance to the speaker
(iii) Stimulates the speaker to explore feelings and thoughts
Techniques of Active Listening
(i) Paraphrase the speaker’s meaning
(ii) Express understanding of the speaker’s feeling
(iii) Ask questions
RECEIVING (Hearing and Attending)
Attention and Concentration
begins with hearing (vicinity of vibrations) – passive process (mindless), while listening is mindful
Popular Disclaimers:
(i) Hedging: Separating yourself from the message
(ii) Rejecting Message – not the speaker
(iii) Credentialing: Establishing special qualification
(iv) Sin licences: Permission to deviate from normal convention
(v) Cognitive disclaimers: You’re in full possession of your claim
(vi) Appeals for the suspensions of judgement: Ask listeners to be non judgemental. Hear first
UNDERSTANDING (Learning and Deciphering Meaning)
learn what the speaker means—the thoughts and emotional tone
REMEMBERING (Recalling and Retaining) Memory
Pass from short-term memory (limited capacity) to long-term memory (unlimited)
messages often get distorted. In remembering, try to:
(i)
Focus
: identify the central ideas and the major support advanced.
(ii)
Organize
: summarize the message in a more easily retained form, not to ignore crucial details or qualifications.
(iii)
Unite
: the new with the old information – relate both information
EVALUATING (Judging and Criticizing)
a process whereby a value is placed on some person, object, or event
Name-calling
- giving an idea, a group of people, or a political philosophy a bad name
Testimonial
- using the image associated with some person to gain your approval - use people dressed up to look like doctors or plumbers or chefs to sell their products
Bandwagon
- a technique that tries to persuade you to accept or reject an idea or proposal because "everybody is doing it," so "jump on the bandwagon."
RESPONDING (Answering and Giving Feedback)
occurs in two phases: (1) while the speaker is talking and (2)after the speaker has stopped talking –elements of feedback
back-channeling cues
- signals to speaker that you're listening.
In responding, try to:
(i)
be supportive
of the speaker throughout the speaker's talk be honest
(ii)
Own your responses
- use I-messages -state your thoughts and feelings as your own