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History of NDT - Coggle Diagram

- - - - locomotive parts
  - - - used primarily to show the distribution of stresses
  - - - ultraviolet light 'black light'
- - - - uranium compound
  - - - radio-active element
        
        polonium
        
        radium
  - - - ductile tungsten
- - - - quartz crystals
        
        the piezo-electric effect
        
        Greek piedzein - to press or strike
    - - quartz crystals might change shape if an electric current was applied to them.
      - Crystals of quartz vibrate when alternating currents are applied to them
    - - sound to detect submarines
      - marine echo sounding
    - - passing vibrations through metals to find flaws
      - Germans - 1930s
        
        cathode ray tube
        
        small airborne radar sets
        
        1931 Mulhauser
        
        two probes to detect flaws in solids
        
        Firestone (1940),Simons (1945)
        
        pulsed UT
        
        pulse-echo technique.
        
        Sproule in 1942 'Kelvin & Hughes'
        
        first flaw detector
        
        Sproule - shear-wave probe.
        
        Silk - time of flight technique (TOFD).
  - - - Medieval times
- - - - magnetising - compass
  - - - flaws - distortions in the magnetic field
  - - - Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851)
        
        connection between electricity and magnetism
      - Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
        
        magnetic and electrical energy interchangeable