4th year Urban
Urbanization
The population shift from Rural to Urban
4/7 of the worlds population live in Urban areas, 2007 first year that more people lived in Urban then rural. 1/3 live in slum house.
Projected in 2050, 2/3 of the world pop will live in Urban areas.
1960, 2x as many people lived in Rural, then Urban.
Push/pull factors
Push
Pull
War
Unemployment
Unable to access resources needed for survival
poor standards of living
Failure of crops
Costs of living, money to transport resources
Quality of life, education, freedoms, better rights
Higher paying jobs/ perception
recreation
Access to services-transport
Better facilities, hygiene
Natural increase
The natural increase due to higher births then deaths
Sub/counter urbanization
Sub-= the population shift of urban from the centre to the suburbs.
Urban V suburban
More space
Better access to transport, less busy roads
cheaper housing per square foot, therefore higher chance of having a garden
Lower crime
More green area
Defensive design
Modern housing, semi-/detached
London
More modern areas at the edge of the city sprawl, 1970-2000
Older parts in the centre, 1800
Counter-urbanization
The movement of people from urban to rural.
Megacities
Population over 10mil
Such as Tokyo and Delhi
Massive businesses move to megacities in order to increase business.
Structure
Burgess model
manufacturing in the middle,
factories in the second ring
low class residence in the inner, as people needed to be close to go to the factories.
medium class residence further out, as they did not need to go straight to the factories
High class outside the city as they did not work in factories, and were segregated from the factory workers
Urban problems
Hong Kong
Housing
Highest pound per square foot in the worl
Parking space size houses
High population density
income
a quarter of Hong Kong's pop are derived of necessary resources
Resource consumption
High seafood consumption
limited water supply, rely on rainfall
Energy
75% fossil fuels
no nuclear power, no space
Only one hydropower pump
Energy is privatized
Transport
12 million used public transport
CO2 emmisions
parking spaces required
air pollution
smog, fog and smoke
0.6% health problems
waste disposal
4th most densely populated country in the world
free market makes it difficult to implement restrictions
3-5 years landfills will be filled
Blackpool
workers who came in the 1900s to work in textiles
created different areas of Muslims who lived together and white neighbourhoods, tensions
Muslim parades created tension
Asian were victims of 2/3 of crimes
Nairobi
Informal economy
83.6% total employment, economy relies on it
Vocal slender, forced to work in the garbage dump, scavenging for scraps. Has makeshift house in dump, at risk of gas explosions underneath the dump
includes street vendors, scavengers, mechanics and others.
Characteristics of a slum dweller, durable house, sufficient space, secure tenure, safe water, safe sanitation
Problems
Housing, small areas, prone to mosquitos
infrastructure, no planning, and can demolished at any time.
Society, lack of sanitation causing mass deaths, mainly kids. Have to beg to richer parts of the city for help. No health care.
Urban management
rural urban fringe
edge of the city, town area.
easier access, better road services, people can but things in cars
cheaper to build on, greenfield site
carfall
Green areas, more attractive
large catchment area
Brown vs Greenfield
Greenfield
Brownfield
Built on before
Never been used
Unoccupied, therefore no spacial limits
Access to transport links, as there is already that infrastructure
Few environmental problems, as land is clean and unused.
Existing buildings can be reused, not wasting space
improves unsightly areas and rejuvenates them
Curitiba
Green swap
Citizens are requested to sort organic and inorganic rubbish
Plants employ recovering alcoholics and homeless men
In the favelas, the poor are encouraged to sort rubbish and take it to the collection point, for their rubbish, the poor receive food
plan costs no more then landfill
70% of citizens take part in the plan
energy conservation
84% from a hydroelectric dam
Attempting to neutralize emissions by tracking amount absorbed in the city
Changing all diesel powered transport to biofuels
Parks and open space
28 parks and wooded areas all interconnected
designed by Hitoshi Nakamura
Parks increase the value of the surrounding land
One area used as flood control, as a soft engineering scheme, instead of using concrete round the channel
Water conservation
2nd best in the index per capita, 150 per day, 264 average
successful public awareness schemes
separate pipes for non drinking water
Hose pipe bans
Rainwater collection
Transport
Bus routes go through the centre of city
Roads laid out to reduce traffic by having a centre lane purely for buses.
Developed problems
Waste disposal, Oxford
Committed to becoming low-carbon by 2020
reduce, reuse, recycle
Improving resource efficiency
measure, mange and minimize the wider environmental impact of waste disposal
Transport, Copenhagen
12% drive
bikers priority, new bridge, massive cycle paths
Bins on angle for bikers
Education, London
Academies are government funded establishments which prioritize science arts business and others
Have far more independence
Brampton manor 99 C-A*, outstanding Ofsted rating two years.
London health
toxicity charge, 10£ on polluting cars.
Buses, cutting out pure diesel engines from 2018, £300million, putting the greenest buses on the most polluted roads.
Trying to keep pollution away from schools, £1 mil to implement changes
Britain, employment
Increase in living wage up to 9.75 per hour
Productivity and morale are higher then ever
Housing, London
Simplicity provides affordable housing to those who can't get social housing
Rent can only increase by 1% per year
LLR rent gives a 33% discount on a normal rate. 3 year fix rate and a maxim of 10 years. People can save 2 twice as much as if they weren't on LLR rent
Buses as often a one very 90 seconds
70% use buses
Bus fares collected before entering in clear, cylindrical tube stations
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