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Health poverty, Underdeveloppement - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 1990-2003, the 50 least developed countries' (LCDs, each with a per capita income under $750 accounted for over half of all countries that experienced violent conflict.
      - Conflict with per capita income of only $250 were twice as likely to experience civil war as countries with a per capita income of $600
    - - Depletes the productive workforce
      - Destroys physical and social infrastructure
      - Damages agriculture
      - Disrupts markets
      - Diverts young people into military roles
      - Increases criminality
      - Reduces economic growth and export revenues
      - Diverts resources to military expenditure
  - - - Aid increased to Yemen (80%), Somalia (208%), Pakistan (107%)
      - Aid to Burundi, Cambodia, Liberia cut completely
  - - - 36% 1990
      - 10,1% 2015
      - 9,2% 2017
    - - Institutions: IMF, WTO, World bank
      - Policies: Privatisation, liberalisation, deregulation through removal of tariff barriers and any legislation protecting local industries from global competition
      - assumptions: Continued economic growth in the form of enhanced production and consumption across the world is possible.
        Growth will trickle down to benefit all.
- - - - HIV/AIDS, SARS, H5N1, H1N1
  - - - travels internationally, 4000 cases attributed to this one doctor
        
        Kills 10% of those infected
        
        disruptive effects for local economies
  - - - In general, it is only when health issues look like they might start having an impact on the developed world that they become framed as security issues.
        Infectious diseases are often depicted as ‘spreading’ out from the developing world. Metaphors of ‘invasion’ are often invoked suggesting ‘they’ are a threat to ‘us’.
    - - Cross boarders
      - Threaten international stability (through economic disruption, mgration, or by endangering military operations)
      - Affect the internal stability of a state
      - Have the potential to kill a large number of people
    - - UNSC Resolution 1308 (2000) declares HIV/AIDS to be a threat to international peace ans security in Africa.
        
        “Nothing we have seen is a greater challenge to the peace and stability of African societies than the epidemic of AIDS… We face a major development crisis, and more than that, a security crisis”
        James Wolfensohn, President of the World Bank
      - AIDS facts
        
        2006 UNAIDS est. 39.5 million people were living with HIV/AIDS; 2.5-3.5 million deaths from AIDS-related illnesses that year alone; Additional 4.3 million infected
        
        2009 CIA est. nine African countries with infection rates over 10% (over 20% in Lesotho, Swaziland, Botswana).
        
        Military infection rates c. 50% in some African militaries
        
        UNSC 1308 recognised peacekeepers are at greater risk of both contracting HIV/AIDS and as being vectors for its further spread
        
        HIV/AIDS can undermine economic growth, exacerbate social tensions, create huge welfare costs, diminish military preparedness and weaken already fragile states (CIA Director 2003).
      - HIV/AIDS and securitisation (for)
        
        Put HIV/AIDS on the political agenda (e.g. UNSC Resolution 1308)
        
        Bolster attention and international initiatives by raising awareness and resources. (some leaders – e.g. Thabo Mbeki – denied its significance)
        
        Enable the invocation of ‘exceptional measures’ – e.g. declaring an illness a national security threat is one way around patent restrictions which prevent countries producing generic anti-retroviral therapies and other medicines at lower prices.
        
        Prevent the ‘normalisation’ of a highly infectious disease and an emerging sense of complacency. E.g. infection rates in developed world countries have actually risen as medicines to manage the disease have developed.
      - HIV/AIDS and Securitisation (against)
        
        A Human Security approach would be marginalised in favour of one centred on National Security priorities
        
        Securitisation would foster a national security ‘threat-defence’ logic that would likely undermine international collaborative responses
        
        Securitisation would end up stigmatising those who became ill with the disease, and who might themselves become re-designated as threats subject to arbitrary treatment and quarantine, rather than viewed as victims and patients.
  - - - Early 2000s, Aventis claimed that on cost grounds it had stopped producing Eflornithine – a drug crucial for treating Sleeping Sickness – only for an MSF pharmacist to see it being used in Vaniqa (a facial hair cream remover targeted at women).
      - In 2015 the price of Daraprim, used in treating people with compromised immune systems, was increased by Turing Pharmaceuticals by 5500% from $13.50 to $750 per pill.
      - Prices for the same drug can vary considerably between countries depending upon what companies think the market can bear.
    - - Trade Related Aspects of intellectual Property
        
        Provides 20 year intellectual property protection to pharmaceuticals
        
        Developing countries coerced into signing
        
        Protects the profits of pharmaceutical companies from the production of reverse-engineered generic versions of existing drugs.
- - - - While formal independence signalled the end of administrative colonialism, economic, military and cultural colonialism continue.
      - “Once absorbed into the chronopolitics of the secular West, colonized space cannot reclaim autonomy and seclusion; once dragged out of their precolonial state, the indigenes or peripheries have to deal with the knowledge and demands of the outside world, irrespective of their own wishes and inclinations.” (Massao Miyoshi)
      - Decolonisation / post-colonisation is really speaking an impossibility
  - - - Former colonial societies must overcome the feeling of inferiority towards Western ideas and knowledge.
      - Colonial ideas have been normalised and domesticated by the colonised peoples worldwide, resulting in a lack of self-confidence and a tendency to accept Western prescriptions (Ngugi wa Thiongo).
      - Gandhi warned against uncritically accepting western forms of development that he believed were bound to lead to moral underdevelopment.
      - ‘insofar [as] we make the modern materialistic craze our goal, we are going downhill on the path of progress’.