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CHAPTER 2: CULTURE IN IPC - Coggle Diagram
CHAPTER 2: CULTURE IN IPC
THE NATURE OF CULTURE
refers to the
relatively specialized lifestyle
of a group of people-
values, beliefs, artifacts, ways of behaving and ways of communicating
"the collective programming of the mind distuinguishing the members of one group or category of people from others" - Hofstede
all that member of a social group
have produced and developed- language, modes of thinking, art, laws and religion
passed on from generation to the next through communication
refers:
to beliefs in a
supreme being
to attitudes toward
success and happiness
to value placed on
friendship, love, family, money
2 TYPE/CATEGORIES
ENCULTURATION
Transmitted from 1 generation to another
learn
the **culture into which you're born
Sources: Parents, peer groups, school, religious, institutions, government agencies, mass media etc.**
DEVELOP
Ethnic Identity
- a commitment to the
beliefs
and
philosophy of your culture
a protective shield against discrimination
can also develop
Ethnocentrism
- your culture is
superior compare to other culture
ACCULTURATION
Learn
the rules and norms of
culture different from your native culture
-
native
culture being
modified
influenced
by the
host culture
host culture become dominant - (population and media effect)
THE RELEVANCE OF CULTURE
1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES
Demographic shift
is
normal
in multiracial society
Changes brought
different interpersonal customs
The need to understand and
adapt new ways of communication engagement.
2. SENSITIVITY TO CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
Move from
assimilationist attitude
(leaving their culture behind to adapt with new culture) to
cultural diversity
Analogy/Metaphor of
melting pot
and
spaghetti bowl
Islamophobia
It leads to
financial gain
and
increased employment opportunities and advancement
3. ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL INTERDEPENDENCE
Most countries are
economically dependent
Economic lives depend on our
ability to communicate
effectively across different culture
. Same goes to
political well-being - Political unrest
4. SPREAD OF TECHNOLOGY
The
rapid changes in technology
has made
intercultural
communication
as easy as it is
inevitable
.
5. CULTURE-SPECIFIC NATURES OF IPC
Interpersonal
competence
is culture specific
It might proves
effective in one culture ineffective in another culture
About
cooperation and face saving; competitiveness and outspokenness
- American and japanese in business meeting
THE AIM OF CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
Cultural influences the all types of communication -
group vs individual
A cultural emphasis helps distinguish what is
universal
from what is relative-issues on
interpersonal difficulties
Cultural understanding
is needed to communication effectively-
social vs personal life
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Intercultural communication refers to
communication between persons
who have
different cultural beliefs, values or ways of behaving.
PRINCIPLES OF IMPROVING INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Educate Yourself
Reduce Uncertainly
Recognize Differences
Confront your stereotype
Adjust your communication
Reduce Your Ethnocentrism
HOW CULTURE DIFFERS
1. POWER DISTANCE
High Power Distance Cultures
(HPDC)-
power distributed among the few
(Malaysia, Slovakia, Panama)
Low Power Distance Culture (LPDC)-
Power distributed evenly
(Austria, Israel, Denmark)
HPDC - friendship and dating relationship will take place based on cultural class - india
LPDC - on the individual factors - personalitym appearance
LPDC - sense of equality , self-assertive
HPDC - sense of status - direct confrontation
HPDC - great respect to authority - desirable, beneficial
LPDC - slightly distrust for authority
HPDC - rely more on symbols of power - titles - doesn't use correctly - breach of etiquette
LPDC - rely less on symbols of power
HPDC - cultures too great an informality
2. MASCULINE AND FEMININE CULTURE
MASCULINE CULTURES
to be assertive, ambitious, competitive
members more likely confront conflicts directly
fight out the differences
win-lose conflict strategies
FEMININE CULTURES
to the quality of life
to be modest
close interpersonal relationship
compromise and negotiation in resolving conflicts
win-win solutions
IN ORGANIZATIONS
Masculine org.-
competitiveness and aggressiveness
reward orcontribution
Feminine org.-
less competitive and aggressive
reward or needs
3. INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE ORIENTATION
individual
values (
power, achievement, stimulation
)
collectivist
values (
benevolence, tradition, conformity
)
individual
- highest orientation - USA, Australia, Great Britain, Netherlands, Canada
collectivist
- highest orientation - Guatemala, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela
individualist
countries -
wealthy
collectivist
countries -
poor
4. HIGH-LOW-CONTEXT CULTURES
HC culture
(HCC) - one in which much of the information
information
is in the
context or in the person
LC culture
(LCC) - most of information is
explicitly stated in verbal message
- normal in
written
HCC
also
collectivist culture
(Japanese, Arabic, Korean)-emphasized on
personal relationship and oral agreement
LCC
are
individualist culture
(German, Swedish,American) emphasized on
verbalized, explicit, explanation, written contract
MEMBERS OF HCC
getting to know interpersonally and socialy
omitted or assumed is a viral part
vague, underhanded, dishonest
emphasized on face-saving - avoid open criticm - in private
MEMBERS OF LCC
Everything stated explicitly
avoid ambiguity
open and direct
open criticism
5. HIGH-AMBIGUITY-TOLERANT AND LOW-AMBIGUITY-TOLERANT CULTURES
High- ambiguity-tolerant culture
(low-anxiety);
don't feel threatened by unknown situations; uncertainly is a normal part of life, no rules for communication/tolerate
and people accept it as it comes -(Singapore, Denmark, GB, Malaysia, USA)
Low-ambiguity-tolerant cultures
(High-anxiety) do much to
avoid uncertainly
and have a
great deal of anxiety
about knowing
what will happen next;
they see
uncertainly as threatening
and as something that must be concentrated. (Greece, Portugal, France, France, Spain)
create
clear-cut rules
for communication that
must not be broken
6. LONG-TERM AND SHORT-TERM ORIENTATION
LONG TERM
Promote the importance of future rewards
(South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China
marriage is a practical management; living with extended family; women housewives; humility is a virtue (men and women) old age should be a happy time of life
SHORT-TERM
promote the importance of past and present
(Puerto Rico, Ghana, Egypt, Trinidad, Morocco etc.
in workplace setting -
LONG TERM
Looks to profits in the future
Manager and workers share the same values and work together to achieve common good
SHORT-TERM
Look for immediate rewards
-Manager and workers are very different in thinking and attitude about work
INDULGENCE AND RESTRAINT
Indulgence
emphasize the gratification of desires; having fun and enjoying life
(Venezuela, Mexico, Puerto Rico etc)
more people are happy based on
life control
and
Leisure
Positive attitude, greater optimism, remember positive emotions, satisfying family life and loose gender roles sharing responsible)
Restraint
Curbing the gratification of desires; regulation by social norms
(Pakistan, Egypt, Latvia, Ukraine Iraq etc.)
More people are unhappy, lacking control of their lives, no leisure time to engage in fun activities