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CHEMISTRY REVIEW - AC - Coggle Diagram
CHEMISTRY REVIEW - AC
Gas test
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Ammonia = Turns blue litmus paper damp red when mixed with HCl, white smoke forms
Chlorine = Turns damp blue litmus paper into red, then white
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Cation test
FLAME TEST
- Get a nichrome wire loop, dip in conc HCl and put over a flame until there's no colour
- Put loop in conc HCl again and scoop unknown solid onto wire
- Place over flame and record observations
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NH4+
- Add sodium hydroxide to solution, heat solution with water bath
- Use damp litmus paper
OR
- Dip glass rod in HCl and hover over the solution
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WET TEST
- Add aqueous NaCl to unknown solution
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Anion test
CARBONATE
- Add dilute acid and bubble gas to lime water.
Lime water turns cloudy
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SULFATE
- Add few drops of barium chloride solution
Barium sulfate
HALIDES
- Dissolved with water and add dilute nitric acid
CRUDE OIL
A mixture of lots of different compounds, called hydrocarbons. It is found trapped in some of the sedimentary rocks of the Earth's crust
FRACTIONAL DISTILATION
Used to separate mixtures by boiling points. In the fractional column, there is a temperature gradient where the liquids with a higher boiling point are at the bottom, and the liquids with the lower, are at the top.
The gas then rises up to the column until the temperature is lower than the boiling point of the faction. The factions then condense and are separated.
The higher a boiling point, the longer its carbon chain length
The higher the boiling point, the higher it’s viscosity
The higher a boiling point, the lower it's flammability
COMBUSTION
Usually in air or in oxygen
- Complete combustion of hydrocarbons produces carbon dioxide and water.
- Incomplete combustion produces either carbon monoxide and water OR carbon and water.
Possible products
- Water vapour
- Carbon dioxide
- Cardon monoxide
Carbon monoxide = When breathed in, it displaces oxygen, dangerous as your vital organs require oxygen