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CHEMISTRY Taylor Chan period 6, Electrons - Coggle Diagram

- - - - electrons fill lowest energy level first
    - - two electrons may have same set of four quantum under certain circumstances
    - - electrons will fill each equal energy orbital before pairing up
  - - - ions
        
        make ions to make noble gas
        
        an atom with a charge
      - Noble Gas
        
        A full valence shell s and p orbital full
- - - - more than the max amount of solute dissolved
    - - less than maximum amount of solute dissolved
    - - maximum amount of solute dissolved
  - - - the thing that something is being dissolved into
    - - the solute+solvent combined
    - - substance that is being dissolved in a solution
    - - the amount of solute
  - - - mass of solute/volume of solution
    - - mass of solute/mass of solution*1,000,000
    - - mass of solute/mass of solution*100
    - - solvent na+solvent nv
    - - M=moles of solute/L of solution
- - - - swapping 2 elements
    - - burning
    - - swapping one element
    - - 1 thing formed into 2 things
    - - two things combining into one
- - - - Isotopes
        
        atoms of same the same element having different masses
      - Average Atomic Mass
        
        average of all naturally occurring isotopes of that elemnt
    - - Protons
        
        Positively charged
      - Electrons
        
        Negatively charged
      - Neutrons
        
        Neutral
    - - Modern Atomic Theory
      - Dalton Atomic Theory
  - - - Chemical Changes
        
        alters composition/identity of substance
      - Physical Changes
        
        alters only state/appearance of substance
    - - extesnive
        
        depend on amount of matter present
      - intensive
        
        depend on type of matter present
    - - Chemical Properties
        
        a property that substance displays only by changing in composition
      - Physical Properties
        
        a property that a substance displays without changing composition
- - - - atoms can't fully transfer electrons so they share (nonmetal+nonmetal)
    - - transfer of electrons makes charges (metal+nonmetal)
    - - electrons detach from atoms they came from
  - - - negative ion
    - - positive ion
    - - consist of 1 element
    - - consists of 2+ elements
- - - - each dot = a VE
    - - adjust # of VE
    - - most atoms want 8 electrons
    - - will show depending on shell
  - - - covalent molecules not shared equally
    - - equally shared covalent molecules (no electronegativity)
  - - - Hydrogen Bonds (strongest)
      - Diple Dipole
      - London Dispersion Force (weakest)
- - - - the quantity that you actually made in experiment
    - - the quantities that the stoichiometry calculates predict should be made
    - - actual yield/theoretical yield*100%
- - - - find molar mass
      - divide by atomic mass of each element by molar mass of molecule
      - multiply by 100 to put in terms of %
  - - - simple, reduced version
      - determining empirical formula: given % comp, assume you have 100 g sample, use rhyme
    - - expanded formula
    - - sometimes empirical
  - - - the chemical you have extra left over of
    - - the chemical you run out of too soon
- - - - issue: speed; all anergy going towards speeding up
    - - 209 j/gc
    - - 418 j/gc
    - - 187 j/g c
  - - - c
        
        specific heat
      - ∆t
        
        change in temp (tfinal-tinitial)
      - m
        
        mass
      - Q
        
        energy lost or gained
    - - losing heat
        
        exothermic
      - gaining heat
        
        endothermic
  - - - issue: position; all energy going towards spreading out
    - - 334 j/g
    - - 2260 j/gc
- - - - reactants must collide to react
    - - minimum amount of energy colliding particles need to react
    - - concentration/pressure
        
        surface area
        
        catalysts
        
        temperature
    - - chemical you add to rxn that lowers activation energy and makes faster rxn
  - - - in a multi-step rxn, this is the slowest step and it determines rate of rxn
    - - not always constant
      - avg rate= ∆x/∆t=[x]final-[x]initial/tfinal-tinitial
    - - rate of change in particular instant
    - - expresses math relationship between rate of chem rxn and concentration of rxns
      - defined in terms of reactant concentrations
      - steps for determining order
        
        write skeleton rate law
        
        look at experimental data
        
        find 2 trials
- - - - K>1
    - - K=1
    - - stands for initial, change, equilibrium
      - determining concentration @ equilibrium