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modern - Coggle Diagram
modern
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preventing disease
the NHS
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since 1948, taxes have funded a wide range of healthcare provided by the national health service
improved access to care
some types of healthcare are still difficult to access. for example few people recieve NHS dental treatment due to a lack of NHS dentists
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however health care prvision was unequal across different parts of the country, both in terms of the number of doctors and jopsitals and their standards- this took a long time to improve
the establishement of the nhs improved access to healthcare because all treatment was entirely free so everyone could acces the same care
compulsory vaccinations
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vaccination is still very controversial, however, and some people choose to not have their children vaccinated
in 1938, 3000 people died in a diphtheria epidemic, which led to a goverenment funded immunisation programme.
although many vaccines that successfully prevented some diseases had been developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, people had to pay to receive them and many could not afford to do so
lifestyle campaigns
since 1948, the governement has funded publically to raise awarness of illnesses and dangers to health such as smoking and binge drinking, with some success: the 1980s AIDS: dont due of ignorace campaign reduced cases of HIV infection
more recently events and initiatives such as the change 4 life campaign have encouraged healthy behaviour to prevent disease
prevention measures
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since 1948, the government had taken more action to prevent people gettting ill
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genetics
understanding genetics
james watson, and francis crick worked together on how the genetic codes of DNA fitted together
they anlysed x-ray crystallography by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin at kings college hospital (london) and eventually worked out the double helix structure of DNA ( 1953)
in the 20th century, new technology ( electron microscopes, and xrays) let scientists analyse human cells in greater detail. they found that every cell in the body contains DNA- codes controlling the gens of each person
in 1990 james watson led the human genome project and started identifying and mapping every gene in human DNA
during the 19th century, mendel showed how human characteristics could be passed between generations
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by 1900 the correct cause of many diseases had been discovered and the knowledge had been used to produce effective vaccines to prevent certain diseases
the 20th century witnessed a search for the cause of other conditions and greater understanding of the other reasons for poor health
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lifestyle
since 1990, people have discovered that some lifestyle factoirs can negativelyy affect health and increase the chance of contracting disease
smoking-research now links smoking with many disease such as emphysema, high blood pressure, heart disease and many cancers
drinking alcohol-research now links drinking too much alcohol to many cancers, as well as liver and kidney disease
diet- scientific research has confirmed that eating a balance of different foods and limiting sugar and fat reduces the chances of getting certain types of cancer or heart disease
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penicillin
discovery
in 1929 fleming published his findings, but did not belive that penicillin would work on living people, and did not ask for funding to continue his research
several years later, Howard florey, ernest cahin and their team continued Fleming research on penicillin
in 1928, alexander fleming notcies that bacteria in a petri dish was being killed by a penicillium mould, he tested it on other bacteria and discovered that the mould produced a excellent antibiotic (penicillin)
it proved effective on mice, so they tested it on humans. penicillin killed bacteria and therefore the infection., it was a miracle drug
mass prodcution
in 1941, florey asked US drug companies, some agreed to help but on a very small scale
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florey asked the uk drug companies and factories to hep, but these were being used for the war effort
after the us joined world war two, the government saw the need for more penicillin to treat casuallties and funded 21 companies to mass prodcue it
penicillin still wasn't used for medical treatment because huge amounts were needed to treat one person, and growing the mould took time and lots of space and was therefore expensive
US drug companies began mass production of penicillin in 1942 and british drug companies did so in 1942
timeline
1941: US drug companies agree to help fund the production of penicillin . penicillin proved effective on humans. in december the USA enters the second world war
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alexandar fleming
many died from their infections, after the war je worked at st marys hopsital in london, where he continued his work to try and find a way of healing bacterial infections
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