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COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA - Coggle Diagram
COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
(Marchello et al., 2019)
Microbial agent invades the lower respiratory tract
An over growth of the micro-organism in the lung parenchyma
Local dense mechanism are activated
Alveolar macrophage phagocytizes and kills the microorganisms
An uncontrolled growth occurs in the lungs
Systemic inflammatory response occurs
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PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
Financially stressful if taking time off work
Can be stressful having to stay in hospital
Feel to sick to do enjoyable hobbies
SOCIAL FACTORS
Miss out on social activities with others
Unable to do exercise class/ activities with others
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
(File et al., 2021)
Respiratory examination
Tachypnea
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Increased work of breathing
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Adventitious breath sounds of rhonchi
Rales/ crackles
Wheezes
Dullness to percuss
Tactile fremitus is increased
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Egohony
Tracheal deviation
Vital signs
Temperature of 38 degrees or over
Increased pulse rate
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS & RESULTS
(Athlin et al., 2018)
Full blood count
Increase ESR
Increase CRP
X-ray
Lobar consolidations
Suggests S. pneumoniae or Legionella pneumophila infection
Interstitial infiltrates
Suggests viral or mycoplasmal etiology
And/ or cavitations
Suggests S. aureus or a fungal or mycobacterial etiology
Respiratory virus PCR
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H. influenzae
Rhinovirus
Parainfluenza virus 1, 2, 3, and 4
Human bocavirus
Human coronavirus (NL63, OC43, 229E and HKU1)
Human metapneumovirus
Season H3N2
Swine lineage H1N1
Respiratory syncytial virus
Influenza virus A
Influenza virus B
S. pneumoniae
Sputum microscopy
Positive to microbial agents
EPIDEMIOLOGY
(Marchello et al., 2019)
Between 1.5 to 14 per 1000 person-years
SYMPTOMS
(Athlin et al., 2018)
Shortness of breath
Coughing
Heavy sputum
Fever and chills
Difficult breathing
Nausea and pain
Chest pain when couch or breath
Increased breathing
PREDISPOSING FACTORS
(Metlay at el., 2019)
older age
Other chronic co-morbities
Viral respiratory tract infections
Impaired airway protection
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Smoking overuse
Alcohol overuse
TREATMENT
Florin et al., 2017)
Out patient care
Empiric regimens
Amoxicillin-calvulanate plus macrolide or doxycycline
General ward care
Beta-lactam plus a macrolide with a respiratory fluoroquinolone.
Antipseudomonal beta-lactam and antipseudomonal fluoroquinolone.
Suspicion or known MRSA then drug is added to anti-MRSA treatment.
Intensive care unit
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