Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
APPROACHES AND METHODS IN LANGUAGE TEACHING, image, image, image, image,…
APPROACHES AND METHODS IN LANGUAGE TEACHING
THE NUÑEZ AND BODEGAS
Stages to design a program material
ESL / EFL teaching
Functional
Are the organizing principle: sequenced by some sense of chronology
Hypothetical
They are the basis of the organization, sequenced by some sense of chronology
Actual
Themes form the sequenced organizing principle
Skills
Serve as the basis for sequenced organization with a sense of chronology being useful for each skill.
Situational
Form the organizing principle
Task
Categories based on tasks or activities such as drawing maps
Structural
Grammatical and phonological structures are those that organize sequenced principles
Selection of the syllabus form
The Cyclical Format
It is an organizing principle that allows teachers and students to work on the same topic several times, being at a more complex level.
The Matrix Format
Gives users flexibility to select topics from a table of contents in random order
The Modular Format
It is well suited to courses that integrate content topics or situations.
The story-line format
It is a narrative that could be used in conjunction with any of the others.
The Linear Format
It is adopted for discrete content where sequencing and classification are of utmost importance.
Five Aspects of Organizing a Course
Determining unit content
Organizing unit content
Identifying the course units based
on the organizing principle(s)
Sequencing the units
Determining the organizing principle(s)
Language Testing
“Tests can be used to drive a program by shaping the expectations of students and their teachers.” (Brown, 1995: 22).
For the development of tests the use of two tests is required
Normative
Designed to compare the performance of students with each other
Criteria-referenced texts
Measure the amount of course material each student has learned
Materials
Decisions regarding approaches, syllabi, techniques, and exercises should be left to people who know the situation best.
Evaluation
Beretta gives a list of purposes of evaluation.
To identify what effect a programme has had
To justify future courses of action
To decide whether a programme has had the intended effect
To identify areas for improvement in an ongoing programme
The Approaches and Methods
Alternative approaches and methods
Whole Language
It was created in 1980 by a group of American educators
It is a very active educational company around the world
One approach to teaching reading and writing has focused on "decoding" language.
Emphasize learning to read and write naturally with a focus on real communication and reading and writing for pleasure.
It also relates to natural approaches to language learning
There are four characteristics of the classroom
The use of process writing
Fostering cooperative learning among students
The use of literature
Concern about the attitude of the students
Activities used in language teaching
Write portfolios
Writing conferences
Unrated dialog diaries
Student-made books
Individual and small group reading and writing
Story writing
Multiple Intelligences
It refers to a student-based philosophy that characterizes human intelligence by the dimensions that must be recognized and developed in education.
It is based on the work of Howard Gardner
Belongs to a group of perspectives that focus on differences between learners and need
Gardner postulates eight native "intelligences",
Musical
Bodily/kinesthetic
Spatial
Interpersonal
Logical/mathematical
Intrapersonal
Linguistic
Naturalist
Suggestopedia
Developed by the Georgi Lozanov.
It is a specific set of learning recommendations derived from suggestion
It is related to other functional uses of music, particularly therapy.
It is a specific set of learning recommendations derived from suggestion
There are main theoretical components
Infantilization
In the role of the child, the student participates in role plays, games, songs, and gymnastic exercises that help the "older student to regain the child's self-confidence, spontaneity, and receptivity" (Bancroft 1972: 19).
Intonation, rhythm, and concert pseudo-passiveness
Varying the tone and pace of the material presented avoids boredom from monotony.
This state is considered to be optimal for learning, as anxieties and tension are relieved by increasing concentration.
Authority
Lozanov believe that scientific language constitute a ritual placebo system that attracts students.
Double brushing
The brightness of the classroom, the musical background, the shape of the chairs, and the personality of the teacher are important in instruction.
Neurolinguistic Programming
Developed by John Grindler and Richard Bandler
Provides a theoretical framework and a set of working principles to direct or guide therapeutic change
Techniques that therapists could use to build rapport with clients by gathering information about their internal and external views of the world and helping them achieve their goals and create personal change.
It is a set of general communication techniques where practitioners must receive training on how to use the techniques in their fields.
Four key principles
Rapport: an essential factor for effective communication.
Sensory acuity: realizing what another person is communicating, consciously and non-verbally.
Results: the goals or ends.
Flexibility: do things differently if what you are doing is not working.
Community Language Learning
Method developed by Charles A. Curran and his associates.
It is based on the metaphor of counseling to redefine the roles of the teacher and students in the classroom
They belong to a set of foreign language teaching practices described as humanistic techniques
Moskowitz defines humanistic techniques as those that combine what the student feels, thinks and knows what he is learning in the target language
The students are linked to the knowers or to a single knower as a teacher.
The lexical approach
They reflect the belief in the centrality of the lexicon for the structure of the language.
He has excelled in both first and second language acquisition research.
Refers to words and word combinations.
These studies have focused on the placement of lexical items and multiple word units.
Lexical units are also found in language.
Trinomials: cool, calm, and collected
Idioms: dead drunk, to run up a bill
Binomials: clean and tidy, back to front
Similes: as old as the hills
Conversational gambits: Guess what!
Connectives: finally, to conclude
The Silent Way
Language teaching method devised by Caleb Gattegno.
It is based on the teacher being silent as much as possible in the classroom, encouraging the student to produce the language
Belongs to a tradition that views learning as a creative, discovery and problem-solving activity,
Bars and tables are visual devices serving as associative mediators for student learning and memory.
The Silent Way also relates to premises represented in Benjamin Franklin's words:
Teach me and I remember
Involve me and I learn
Tell me and I forget
Competency-Based Language Teaching
It is an educational movement that focuses on results
It focuses on outputs rather than inputs so that learning is essential.
The assumption is that improving the labs, materials and activities will lead to more effective language learning.
Competency-based education has much in common with approaches to learning such as performance-based instruction, mastery learning, and individualized instruction.
This approach was adopted in the late 1970s, as the basis for the design of work-related and survival-oriented adult language teaching programs.
It is based on a set of results derived from an analysis of students' tasks in life situations.
Competencies consist of a description of the essential skills, knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors necessary for the effective performance of a real-world task or activity.
The areas in which competencies have been developed in an immigrant and refugee curriculum
Performance skills
Safety
Related to general words
Work schedules, timesheets, paychecks
Social language
Work application
Job interview
Total Physical Response
It is a language teaching method constituted with coordination of speech and action since it tries to teach the language through physical activity
Developed by James Asher
Consider the imperative verb as the central linguistic motif from which the use and learning of language are organized.
TPR can also be linked to "fingerprint theory"
His theory of learning is based on three hypotheses
Brian lateralization
He considers that the physical response is directed to the learning of the right brain, while the methods of teaching a second language in the left brain.
Right hemisphere activities must occur before the left hemisphere
Stress
Take advantage of the natural bioprogram for language development
Bio-program
Is a “Natural Method”
Three processes as central
Once a foundation in listening comprehension has been established, speech evolves naturally and effortlessly out of it.
Children’s ability in listening comprehension is acquired because children are required to respond physically to spoken language in the form of parental commands
Children develop listening competence before they develop the ability to speak.
The Overview of Curriculum and the Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching related to approach, procedure, and design
Major language trends in twentieth-century language
teaching
The nature of approaches and methods in language teaching
Theories derived from linguistics, psychology, or a mixture of both were used to develop a philosophical foundation
Early applied linguists, such as Henry Sweet, Otto Jespersen, and Harold Palmer, developed principles and approaches to the design of language teaching.
The grammar-translation method reflects a traditional and academic view of language and the study of language.
Theory of language learning
They are based on learning processes such as habit formation, induction, inference, hypothesis testing, and generalization.
They emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place.
Types of learning and teaching activities
Three components
Teacher roles
It is a system of instruction linked to the status and role of the teacher.
They define the type of interaction characteristic of classrooms in which a particular method is used.
The role of instructional materials
Define linguistic content in terms of elements of language
Materials designed on the assumption that the teacher initiates and supervises learning must meet very different requirements from those designed
Learner roles
This is seen in the activities that students carry out, the control that students have over the content of learning, the patterns of grouping of students adopted, the influence on the learning of others and the vision of the student as a processor.
A brief history of language teaching
School learning must have been a deadly experience for the children, as lapses in knowledge are often met with brutal punishment.
The decline of Latin also brought with it a new justification for teaching Latin.
Changes in language teaching methods have reflected the recognition of changes in the type of proficiency students need
The students worked on translating sentences like the following
My kids have bought the mirrors from the Duke.
My aunt's cat is more treacherous than your uncle's dog.
The philosopher tugged on the hen's lower jaw.
It provides a background for the discussion of contemporary methods and suggests topics for analyzing these methods.
When "modern" languages began to enter the European school curriculum in the 18th century, the same procedures were taught as in Latin.
The Audiolingual Method
The goal of the Army programs was for students to achieve conversational proficiency in various foreign subjects.
The goal was fast and silent reading
Coleman of 1929 recommended a reading-based approach to teaching foreign languages
Learning theory
Not only did they have a compelling and powerful theory of language as their foundation, but they were also working on the one that a prominent American school of psychology claimed to have tapped into secrets of all human learning.
Behaviorism is another empirical and antimentalist approach to the study of human behavior.
Theory of language
It was derived from a vision proposed by American linguists in the 1950s
Traditional approaches to the study of language had linked the study of language with philosophy and with a mentalistic approach to grammar.
The Oral Approach and Situational Language Teaching
Palmer had emphasized grammar problems for the foreign student.
One of the first aspects of method design to receive attention was the role of vocabulary.
Several linguists developed the basis for a principled approach to methodology in language teaching.
They refer to an approach to language teaching developed by the British.
The impetus for this research came from two sectors.
First, there was a general consensus among language teaching specialists.
A second influence was the greater emphasis on reading skills.
The impact of the Oral Approach has been long-lasting and has shaped the design of many English as a foreign language textbooks and courses.
GISELA PILLIZA CONSTRUCT LEARN NRC: 4171
LINK:
https://coggle.it/diagram/YLAl6bwdFqOrhr8e/t/approaches-and-methods-in-language-teaching/3367ef8961362408c77b5251b1ed2445661ebb9dfc8f2b53a115aa4371fefcaa
