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Connections 10-12 - Coggle Diagram
Connections 10-12
CH 10
THE STRUCTURE OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL
FREDERICK GRIFFITH
TRIED TO DEVELOP A VACCINE AGAINST PNEUMONIA
WHEN HE KILLED THE PATHOGENIC BATERIA AND MIXED WITH BACTERIAL REMAINS WITH LIVING, SOME CELLS BECAME PATHOGENIC
HERSHEY/CHASE
DNA IS GENETIC MATERIA OF T2 (INFECTS E. COLI)
BACTERIOPHAGES (PHAGES)
GREW T2 E. COLI IN RADIOACTIVE SULFUR, ANOTHER IN RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHORUS
BACTERIA INFECTED W/ T2 ENDED UP IN SOLUTION
PHAGES DIDN'T ENTER CELLS
BATERIA INFECTED WITH PHAGES WHO'S DNA WAS TAGGED, RADIOACTIVITY WAS IN THE PELLET IN BOTTOM
STAGES OF REPLICATION OF PHAGE T2
A PHAGE ATTACHES ITSELF TO A BATERIAL CELL
THE PHAGE INJECTS ITS DNA INTO THE BACTERIUM
THE PHAGE DNA DIRECTS THE HOST CELL TO MAKE MORE PHAGE DNA AND PROTEINS; NEW PHAGES ASSEMBLE
THE CELL LYSES AND RELEASES THE NEW PHAGES
DNA AND RNA ARE POLYMERS OF NUCLEOTIDES
NUCLEOTIDES
LONG CHAINS OF CHEMICAL UNITS
NITROGEN-CONTAINING BASES
ADENINE (A)
CYTOSINE (C)
GUANINE (G)
THYMINE (T)
URACIL (U) IN RNA
POLYNUCLEOTIDE
NUCLEOTIDE POLYMER
COMPONENTS
SUGAR
DEOXIRIBOSE
DNA-> DEOXIRIBONUCLEIC ACID
DEOXIRIBO (SUGAR) +NUCLEIC (IN THE NUCLEI) + ACID (PHOSPHATE)
PHOSPHATE
NITROGENOUS BASE
SUGAR-PHOSPHATE BACKBONE
DOUBLE-STRANDED HELIX
FRANKLIN
X-RAY OF DNA
WATSON/CRICK
WIRE MODEL OF DOUBLE HELIX
PURINES NEED TO BE PAIRED WITH PYRIMIDINES
A + T, G + C
DNA REPLICATION
DNA REPLICATION DEPENDS ON SPECIFIC BASE PAIRING
WATSON/CRICK
TWO STRANDS OF PARENTAL DNA SEPARATE
SEMICONSERVATIVE MODEL
HALLF OF THE PARENTAL MOLECULE IS MAINTAINED IN EACH OF THE DAUGHTER MOLECULE
DNA REPLICATION GOES INTO TWO DIRECTIONS AT MANY SITES SIMULTANEOUSLY
REPLICATION STARTS AT ORIGINS OF REPLICATION
SHORT STRETCHES OF DNA HAVING A SPECIFIC SEQUENCE OF NUCLEOTIDES
PROTEINS INITIATE DNA REPLICATION ATTACH TO DNA, SEPARATING 2 STRANDS OF DOUBLE HELIX
PHOSPHATES GOES IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS
THREE-PRIME
ATTACHED TO -OH
FIVE-PRIME
ATTACHED TO PHOSPHATE
NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS OF THE NUCLEOTIDE SUGARS
DNA POLYMERASES
GROWS THE DAUGHTER STRAND
GROWS 5' -> 3'
OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS
SHORT PIECES THAT ARE SYNTHESIZED AS THE FORK OPENS UP
DNA LIGASE
LINKS PIECES TOGETHER INTO ONE DNA STRAND
THE FLOW OF GENETIC INFORMATION FROM DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN
GENES CONTROL TRAITS THROUGH THE EXPRESSION OF PROTEINS
STAGES OF DNA TO RNA
TRANSCRIPTION
SYNTHESIS OF RNA
TRANSLATION
SYNTHESIS OF PROTEIN
GENETIC INFORMATION WRITTEN IN CODONS IS TRANSLATED INTO AMINO ACID SEQUENCES
DNA TRANSCRIBED INTO RNA, TRANSLATED INTO PROTEINS
TRANSLATION CHANGES INTO CORRESPONDING AMINO ACID
TRANSCRIPTION CHANGES DNA INTO CORRESPONDING RNA PAIR
TRIPLET CODE
GENETIC INSTRUCTIONS FOR AMINO ACIDS
CODONS
THREE-BASE 'WORDS'
GENETIC CODE DICTATES HOW CODONS ARE TRANSLATED INTO AMINO ACIDS
61/64 TRIPLEETS CODE FOR AMINO ACIDS
AUG CODES FOR METHIONINE (MET) OR CODES FOR START OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN
UAA, UGA, UAG CODE FOR STOP CODONS, ENDS OF TRANSLATION
TRANSCRIPTION PRODUCES GENETIC MESSAGES IN THE FORM OF RNA
RNA POLYMERASE
MOVES ALONG THE GENE, FORMING NEW RNA STRAND
INITIATION
ATTACHMENT OF RNA POLYMERASE TO PROMOTER AND START OF RNA SYNTHESIS
ELONGATION
RNA STRAND GROWS, RNA PEELS AWAY
TERMINATION
RNA POLYMERASE DETACHES FROM RNA STRAND
PROMOTER
SPECIFIC NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE
TERMINATOR
SEQUENCE OF DNA BASES, SIGNALS THE END OF THE GENE
RNA COMES IN, LEAVES AS mRNA
mRNA
ENCODES FOR EMINO ACID SEQUENCE
INTRONS
INTERNAL NONCODING REGIONS
EXONS
EXPRESSED PARTS OF GENE
RNA SPLICING
CUTTING AND PASTING
tRNA SERVE AS INTERPRETERS DURING TRANSLATION
tRNA
MOLECULAR INTERPRETER
PICKS UP THE APPROPRIATE AMINO ACIDS
RECOGNIZES THE APPROPRIATE CODONS IN mRNA
ANTICODON
TRIPLET OF BASES
RIBOSOMES BUILD POLYPEPTIDES
rRNA
PART OF A RIBOSOME
INITIATION CODON MARKS THE START OF AN mRNA MESSAGE
STEPS OF INITIATION
mRNA MOLECULE BINDS TO A SMALL RIBOSOMAL SUBUNIT
START CODON
WHERE TRANSLATION IS TO BEGIN ON mRNA MOLECULE
LARGE RIBOSOMAL SUBUNIT BINDS TO THE SMALL UNIT, CREATING A FUNCTIONAL RIBOSOME
P SITE
tRNA BINDING RITE ON THE RIBOSOME
A SITE
VACANT UNTIL NEXT AMINO ACID
ELONGATION ADDS AMINO ACIDS TO THE POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN UNTIL A STOP CODON TERMINATES TRANSLATION
STEPS
ANTICODON OF INCOMING tRNA PAIRS WITH mRNA CODON IN A SITE
POLYPEPTIDE SEPARATES FROM tRNA IN P SITE AND ATTACHES TO AMINO ACID
RIBOSOME CATALYZES THE FORMATION OF PEPTIDE BOND ADDING ONE MORE AMINO ACID TO POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN
tRNA LEAVES THE RIBOSOME AND RIBOSOME TRANSLOCATES THE REMAINING tRNA FROM THE A SITE TO THE P SITE
CODON AND ANTICODON REMAIN HYDROGEN-BONDED AND mRNA AND tRNA MOVE AS A UNIT
ELONGATION CONTINUES UNTIL STOP CODON
MUTATIONS CAN AFFECT GENES
MUTATION
ANY CHANGE TO GENETIC INFORMATION
TYPES
SILENT
SAME AMINO, DIFFERENT NUCLEOTIDES
MISSENSE
DIFFERENT AMINO ACID
NONSENSE
AMINO TO STOP
FRAMESHIFT
INSERTION
ADDING A NUCLEOTIDE
DELETION
DELETING A NUCLEOTIDE
THE GENETICS OF VIRUSES AND BACTERIA
VIRAL DNA MAY BECOME PART OF HOST CHROMOSOME
VIRUS
CAPSID
CYCLES
LYTIC
LAMBDA'S DNA IMMEDIATELY TURNS THE CELL INTO A VIRUS-PRODUCING FACTORY
CELL SOON LYSES AND RELEASES ITS VIRAL PRODUCTS
LYSOGENIC
VIRAL DNA IS INSERTED INTO THE BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME
REPLICATES THE PHAGE DNA ALONG WITH ITS OWN CHROMOSOME AND PASSES THE COPIES ON TO DAUGHTER CELLS
STEPS
ENTERS THE BATERIUM
FORMS A LOOP
MANY VIRUSES CAUSE DISEASE IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS
RNA VIRUS REPLICATION CYCLE
ENTERS THE CYTOPLASM
ENZYMES DIGEST THE PROTEIN COAT
AN ENZYME THAT ENTERED THE CELL AS PART OF THE VIRUS USES THE VIRUS'S RNA GENOME AS A TEMPLATE FOR MAKING COMPLEMENTARY STRANDS OF RNA
SERVES AS mRNA FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF NEW VIRAL PROTEINS AND THEY SERVE AS TEMPLATES FOR SYNTHEIZING NEW VIRAL GENOME RNA
THE NEW COAT PROTEINS ASSEMBLE AROUND THE NEW VIRAL RNA
VIRUSES LEAVE THE CELL BY CLOAKING THEMSELVES IN THE HOST CELL'S PLASMA MEMBRANE
EMERGING VIRUSES THREATEN HUMAN HEALTH
EMERGING VIRUSES
HIV
AIDS
H1N1
ZIKA FEVER
WEST NILE
SARS
EBOLA
AVIAN FLU
AIDS MAKES DNA ON A RNA TEMPLATE
HIV IS A RETROVIRUS
RNA VIRUS THAT REPORDUCES IN DNA
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE USES THE RNA AS A TEMPLATE TO MAKE A DNA STRAND
ADDS A SECOND DNA STRAND
RESULTING DOUBLE-STRNAD VIRAL DNA ENTERS THE CELL'S NUCLEUS AND INSERTS ITSELF INTO THE CHROMOSOMAL DNA
TRANSCRIBES THE INCORPOATED DNA INTO RNA
TRANSLATED INTO VIRAL PROTEINS
NEW VIRUSES ASSEMBLE FROM THESE COMPONENTS LEAVE THE CELL AND CAN INFECT OTHER CELLS
BACTERIA CAN TRANSFER DNA IN THREE WAYS
TRANSFORMATION
TRANSDUCTION
CONJUGATION
CH 11
CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION
PROTEINS TURN GENES ON AND OFF
GENE REGULATION
GENE EXPRESSION
LAC OPERON
PROMOTER
OPERATOR
OPERON
REPRESSOR
REGULATORY GENE
TRP OPERON
TRYTOPHAN
ACTIVATORS
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS CAN AFFECT GENE EXPRESSION
DIFFERENTITATION
DNA PACKING
HISTONES
NUCLEOSOME
CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS AND EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE
EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE
X INACTIVATION
X CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION
BARR BODY
COMPLEX ASSEMBLIES OF PROTEINS CONTROL EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
ENHANCERS
RNA CAN BE SPLICED IN MORE THAN ONE WAY
ALTERNATIVE RNA SPLICING
NONCODING RNAS PLAY MULTIPLE ROLES IN CONTROLLING GENE EXPRESSION
miRNA
FORMS A COMPLEX WITH ONE OR MORE PROTEINS
BINDS TO ANY mRNA MOLECULE WITH AT LEAST 7-8 NUCLEOTIDES OF COMPLEMENTARY SEQENCE
COMPLEX DEGRADES THE TARGET mRNA
COMPLEX BLOCKS IT'S TRANSLATION
siRNA
RNAi
LATER STAGES OF GENE EXPRESSION ARE ALSO SUBJECT TO REGULATION
BREAKDOWN OF mRNA
INITIATION OF TRANSLATION
PROTEIN PROCESSING
RESEARCHERS CAN MONITOR THE EXPRESSION OF SPECIFIC GENES
NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION
DNA MICROARRAY
CELLS RESPOND TO THEIR NEIGHBORING CELLS WITH CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY
CELL SENDS A MESSAGE SECREATES A SIGNALING MOLECULE
MOLECULE BINDS TO A SPECIFIC RECEPTOR PROTEIN OFTEN EMBEDDED IN TARGET CELL'S PLASMA MEMBRANE
BINDING ACTIVATES THE FIRST IN A SERIES OF RELAY PROTEINS WITHIN THE TARGET CELL
LAAST RELAY MOLECULE IN THE SERIES ACTIVATES A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR
TRIGGERS TRANSCROPTION OF A SPECIFIC GENE
TRANSLATION OF mRNA PRODUCES A PROTEIN THAT PERFIRMS THE FUNCTION ORIGINALLY CALLED FOR BY THE SIGNAL
CLONING OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS
PLANT CLONING SHOWS THAT DIFFERENTIATED CELLS MAY RETAIN ALL OF THEIR GENETIC POTENTIAL
TOTIPOTENT
CLONE
REGENERATION
BIOLOGISTS CAN CLONE ANIMALS VIA NUCLEAR TRANSPLANTATION
NUCLEAR TRANSPLANTATION
REPLACES THE NUCLEUS OF AN EGG CELL OR A ZYGOTE
A NUCLEUS FROM AN INJECTED ADULT SOMATIC CELL
REPEATED CELL DIVISIONS FROM A BLASTOCYST
BLASTOCYST IS THEN IMPLANTED INTO THE UTERUS OF A SURROGATE MOTHER
REPRODUCTIVE CLONING
THERAPURTIC CLONING CAN PRODUCE STEM CELLS WITH GREAT MEDICAL POTENTIAL
EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS (ES CELLS)
THERAPEUTIC CLONING
ADULT STEM CELLS
THE GENETIC BASIS OF CANCER
CANCER RESULTS FROM MUATIONS IN GENES THAT CONTROL CELL DIVISION
ONCOGENE
PROTO-ONCOGENES
TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES
MULTIPLE GENETIC CHANGES UNDERLIE THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER
ONCOGENE ARISES OR IS ACTIVATED THROUGH MUTATION, CAUSING UNUSUALLY FREQUENT DIVISION OF APPARENTLY NORMAL CELLS
ADDITIONAL DNA MUTATIONS CAUSE THE GROWTH OF A SMALL BENIGN TUMOR
MUTATIONS STILL OCCUR WHICH LEADS TO FOMATION OF A MALIGNANT TUMOR
LIFESTYLE CHOICES CAN REDUCE THE RISK OF CANCER
CARCINOGENS
CH 12
GENE CLONING AND EDITING
ENZYMES ARE USED TO CUT AND PAST DNA
RESTRICTION ENZYMES
RESTRICTION SITE
RESTRICTION FRAGMENTS
GENES CAN BE CLONED IN RECOMBINANT PLASMIDS
BIOTECHNOLOGY
DNA TECHNOLOGY
RECOMBINANT DNA
GENETIC ENGINEERING
PLASMIDS
DNA CLONING
VECTOR
DNA LIGASE
CLONE
GENE CLONING
NUCLEIC ACID PROBES CAN LABEL SPECIFIC DNA SEGMENTS
NUCLEIC ACID PROBE
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE CAN HELP MAKE GENES FOR CLONING
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE
COMPLEMENTARY DNA (cDNA)
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
DNA TECH CHANGING PHARM
TREATING DISEASES
DIAGNOSING DISEASE
PREVENTING DISEASES
VACCINE
GMOS
TRANSGENIC ORGANISM
USE OF GMOS
HUMAN SAFETY
ENVIORNMENTAL SAFETY
LABELING
GENE THERAPY MAY SOMEDAY TREAT VARIETY OF DISEASES
GENE THERAPY
RNA VERSION OF HEALTHY HUMAN GENE IS INSERTED INTO A RETEROVIRUS
BONE MARROW CELLS ARE INFECTED WITH VIRUS
VIRAL DNA CARRYING THE HUMAN GENE INSERTS INTO THE CELL'S CHROMOSOME
ENGINEERED CELLS ARE INJECTED INTO THE PATIENT
DNA PROFILING
THE ANALYSIS OF GENETIC MARKERS CAN PRDUCE A DNA
FORENSICS
DNA PROFILING
INVESTIGATION
DNA IS ISOLATED
DNA OF SELECTED MARKERS IS AMPLIFIED
THE AMPLIFIED DNA IS COMPARED
THE PCR METHOD IS USED TO AMPLIFY DNA
PCR
REACTION MIXTURE IS HEATED TO SEPARATE THE DNA STANDS
MICTURE IS COOLED TO ALLOW PRIMERS TO FORM HYDROGEN BONDS WITH THE ENDS OF TARGET SEQUENCES
DNA POLYMERASE ADDS NUCLEOTIDES IN THE 5'->3'
PRIMERS
GEL ELECTROPHORESIS SORTS DNA BY SIZE
GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
SHORT TANDEM REPEAT ANALYSIS IS USED FOR DNA PROFILING
REPETITIVE DNA
SHORT TANDEM REPEAT
STR ANALYSIS