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Metals and Non-Metals, Covalent Bonds, An atom carrying +ve or -ve charge…
Metals and Non-Metals
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Non-metals-they are the elements that generally do not conduct heat and electricity and are neither malleable nor ductile.
Uses of non-metals-
1)oxygen is used for breathing.
2)chlorine is used for purifying water.
3)nitrogen is used by plants and also used in fertilizers.
Physical properties of non-metals-
1)they are neither malleable nor ductile.
2)they are not lustrous except iodine.
3)they are generally soft except diamond.
4)they do not conduct electricity and heat except graphite.
5)they may be solid, liquid or gaseous at room temperature.
6)they have comparatively low melting and boiling point except diamond.
7)they have low density i.e. they are light substances.
8)they are not sonorous.
Chemical Properties of non-metals-
1) Reaction of non-metal with oxygen-
Non-metal + oxygen ---- non-metal oxide
Ex-1) S + O2 ---- SO2
2) Reaction of non-metal with water-
Ex-1) 2F2 + 2H2O ---- 4HF + O2
2) 2F2 + 3H2O ---- 6HF + O3
3)Reaction of non-metal with dilute acids
NO REACTION##
4) Reaction of non-metals with salts
Ex-1) HBr + Cl2 ---- HCl + Br2
2)NaBr + Cl2 ---- NaCl + Br2
3) KI + Cl2 ---- KCl + I2
5) Reaction of non metals with chlorine
Ex-1) H2 + Cl2 ---- 2HCl
2) P4 + 6Cl2 ---- 4PCl3
6) Reaction of non-metals with hydrogen-
Ex-H2 + S ---- H2S
Covalent Bonds
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Uses
1)Each and every kind of fuel and medicines that we use in our day to day life are formed due to the formation of covalent bond.
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->Chemical Bond-The force which link the atoms in a molecule is called a chemical bond.
->Causes of bond formation-Noble gases are inert in nature having 8 e- in their outermost shell. Every atom wants to attain stability by completing their outermost electric configuration ,except other atom who wants to complete their octet. Hence element undergoes bond formation to acquire stability.
->The atom can achieve inert gas e- configuration in 3 ways-
1)losing one or more e-
2)by gaining one or more e-
3)by sharing one or more e-
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=>The compound consisting of a cationn and anion are called ionic compound.
=>There are strong electrostatic force of attraction existing between ions, in an ionic compound.
=>In ionic compounds total +ve charge carried by cation is equal to the total -ve charge carried by anion.
=>They are the atoms held together by sharing e- between non-metals.
=>Covalent compounds form by sharing e- to attain a noble gas configuration
=>They have to complete octet.
=>Most of them are found in liquid and gaseous states.
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- Non-metal oxides are acidic in nature.
- mostly non- metals forms acidic oxide but some non-metals also form neutral oxide.
- All metal atoms can loose e- easily, so all the metal elements form cation.
- Apart from ionic, covalent, metallic bonds there are also attraction between molecules, which is called inter molecular attraction.
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=>It is the energy required to break a bond between two atoms
=>A large BDE corresponds to a strong bond which makes it unreactive.
=>Carbon has strong bond, which makes carbon compound stable and unreactive.
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A bond in which both e- come together from the same atom but shared between both atoms.
Ex-formation of CO
- Both magnesium and manganese react with diluted nitric acid and evolves H2 gas because the very diluted nitric acid is a weak oxidizing agent which is not able to oxidize H2 to H2O.