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Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells - Coggle Diagram
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms composed of prokaryotic cells that have characteristic shapes including spheres(cocci), rod (bacilli) and spiral (spirilla). Prokaryotic cells lack a cell nucleus or membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus.
Eukaryotes are more complex
Common features to both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm of a prokaryote contains storage products, enzymes, water, ribosomes and plasmids
Cell membrane: exerts some control over the transport of molecules and ions between the cells and the extracellular space
An RNA/protein complex that is involved in the translation of mRNA into a oulpeptide
DNA: stores the genetic materials (genes) in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Amino Acid: The same twenty amino acids are used in protein synthesis in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
The unique features of a prokaryotic cell
Cell Wall- Maintains the characteristic shape of the cell by providing rigidity and structural support.
Capsule: An external cell covering that provides protection from host cells. The capsule is sticky which allows bacteria to adhere to the surface
Fimbriae (pili)- Thin protein fibres that serve to attach bacteria to a surface, other bacteria and target cells
Flagella - Motile bacteria contain fibrous projections that propel the cell through its environment
DNA- Prokaryotes posses a single, continuous, circular molecule of DNA, located in a region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid
Plasmid- Circular DNA molecule that are not part of the main chromosome. Plasmids contain a small number of genes for metabolism, virulence and resistance to antibiotics
Specialised organelles in eukaryotic cell which facilitates biochemical process
Nucleus
The organelle that controls and regulates all life process. the nucleus contains chromatin and is the site of transcription, RNA splicing, DNA replication
Contains a small body called the nucleolus which facilitates the synthesis of functional RNA
Endoplasmic reticulum
continuous membrane system which serves multiple functions including the synthesis, folding, modification and transport of proteins.
Two types: rough and smooth ER
The rough ER has ribosome which is the site of protein synthesis
The smooth ER- involved in the synthesis of lipids including cholesterol and phospholipids used un the membrane if the cell and its organelles
Golgi body
the membrane-bound organelle that is made up of series of flattened pouches called cisternae. The Golgi body is responsible for transporting, modifying and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations
Mitochondria
Round or oval shaped organelle in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells
synthesis large quantities of ATP which stores chemical energy.
The synthesis of ATP occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane which is compartmentalised into numerous cristae. Cristae increase the surface area and enhances its ability to synthesis ATP
Chloroplast
where photosynthesis occurs
The light absorbing pigments are located in the thylakoid membrane which contains closed disks called thylakoids. Thylakoids are arranged in tight stacks called grana that increase the surface to volume ration for the absorption of light. The thylakoid membrane surrounds the lumen which contains enzymes, starch granules and chloroplasts DNA that are dissolved in a fluid called stroma
Lysosome
digestion of macromolecules, old cell parts and microorganism.
Surrounded by a membrane that maintains an acidic environment for the action of digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules such as nucleic acid, proteins, and polysaccharides
Vesicle
storage of food, gases and enzymes as well as the transport and excretion of raw materials and wastes
Vacuole
membrane- bound organelle found in plants
Store water, salts, enzymes, carbohydrates, amino acids and waste materials