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Final Connections, Editors: Brandon Carman, Paris Reese, Kaelie Allan -…

- - - - sexual reproduction
      - asexual reproduction
        
        clone
        
        binary fission
  - - - chromatin
        
        sister chromatid
        
        sister chromatid
        
        centromere
        
        protein
        
        DNA
    - - cell control system
      - interphase
      - mitotic phase
        
        mitosis
        
        cytokinesis
  - - - chiasma
      - recombinant chromosomes
    - - meiosis I
      - meiosis II
- - - - There are alternate versions of genes that account for variations in inherited characters
      - For each character, an organism inherits two alleles of a gene (homozygous and heterozygous)
      - In the two alleles of an inherited pair differ, then one determines the organism's appearence and is called dominant while the other is recessive
      - A sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited character because allele paris seperate from each other during the production of gametes (law of segregation)
  - - - dominant gene completely takes over and becomes the characteristic (phenotype)
    - - Trait becomes something in the middle of dominant and recessive (mix between the two traits)
  - - - genes occupy specific locations on chromosomes
      - chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment during meiosis
    - - recombinant gametes
      - recombination frequency
  - - - chromsomes 1-22
- - - - monomer: nucleotides
      - polymer: polynucleotides
  - - - 1: transcription: takes a version of DNA and makes a copy using RNA
      - 2: translation: goes from using RNA as instructions to build a new protein
- - - - plasids can also be vectors
    - - cuts DNA in zig-zag pattern
        
        ligase seals back up the cuts
  - - - way to test if it is safe
        
        feed to animals
  - - - heat up DNA (breaks hydrogen bonds)
    - - needs: DNA sample
        
        DNA primers
        
        raw nucleotides
        
        DNA polymerase
        
        stable solution
  - - - study and comparison of entire sets of genes and not just studying one gene, but many genomes
- - - - diffusion
        
        passive transport
        
        facilitated
        
        osmosis
        
        osmoregulation
        
        aquaporin
        
        active transport
      - concentration gradient
        
        tonicity
        
        isotonic
        
        hypotonic
        
        hypertonic
      - exocytosis
      - endocytosis
        
        receptor mediated
      - phagocytosis
  - - - thermal
        
        heat
    - - chemical
        
        exergonic
        
        endergonic
        
        energy coupling
        
        ATP
        
        phosphorylation
        
        metabolism
        
        metabolic pathway
    - - entropy
  - - - substrate
        
        active site
        
        induced fit
      - cofactors
      - coenzyme
      - competitive inhibitor
      - noncompetitive inhibitor
      - feedback inhibition
- - - - carbohydrates
        
        sugars
      - fats
        
        glycerol
        
        glycolysis
        
        ATP
        
        biosynthesis, right-->left
        
        fatty acid
        
        Acetyl CoA
        
        citric acid cycle
        
        oxidative phosphorylation
      - proteins
        
        amino acids
        
        amino groups
      - formation of cells, tissues, organisms
  - - - 2 pyruvate
        
        2 CO2
        
        2 ethanol
    - - regenerate NAD+
        
        2 pyruvate
        
        2 lactate
  - - - glycolysis
        
        net inputs
        
        2 ATP
        
        glucose
        
        net outputs
        
        2 H2O
        
        2 ATP
        
        2 NADH
        
        2 pyruvate
        
        mitochondria
    - - pyruvate oxidation
        
        net inputs
        
        2 pyruvate
        
        net outputs
        
        2 CO2
        
        2 NADH
        
        2 CoA
      - citric acid cycle
        
        net inputs
        
        2 CoA
        
        net outputs
        
        2 FADH2
        
        6 NADH
        
        2 ATP
    - - oxidative phosphorylation
        
        net inputs
        
        6 NADH
        
        2 FADH2
        
        net outputs
        
        34 ATP
        
        1 H2O
        
        6 NAD+
        
        2 FAD
        
        inner membrane
        
        concentration gradient
        
        brown fat
- - - - uses operons and promoters
    - - barr bodies: the inactive x-chromosome
      - each cell randomly decides which one to deactivate
    - - uses activators in place of operons
    - - dont unpack DNA from chromosome
        
        whether or not if has transcription factors
        
        if we dont splice it correctly
        
        dont add a cap and tail
        
        don't let mRNA out of the nucleus
        
        our bodies break forn the mRNA that is let out of nucleus
        
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  - - - donar cell gives its nucleus which is put in host egg which is stimulated to divide/grow
  - - - tumor supressor gene controls cell division so that it doesnthappen to often
- - - - The Hierarchy of Organization
        
        Biosphere
        
        Ecosystem
        
        Community
        
        Population
        
        Organism
        
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      - Definition of Life
        
        Growth and Development
        
        Energy Processing
        
        Reproduction
        
        Deoxyribonucleic Acid
        
        Nucleic Acids
        
        Big Ideas
        
        Introduction to Organic Compounds
        
        Carbohydrates
        
        3 more items...
        
        Lipids
        
        1 more item...
        
        Proteins
        
        Chapter 3
        
        1 more item...
        
        .
        
        .
        
        .
        
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        Evolutionary Adaptation
        
        Order
        
        Regulation
        
        Regulation
      - The 3 Domains of Life
        
        Domain Bacteria
        
        Domain Archea
    - - Evolution
      - Flow of Information
      - Structure and Function
      - Interactions Between Systems
      - Transfer and Transformation of Energy
- - - - temporal separation
      - acid metabolism
      - least effective
    - - bundle-sheath cells
      - less effective
      - loses less H2O
    - - 3-carbon molecule
      - rubisco uses oxygen
    - - cycle matter through ecosystem
    - - make own material
      - photoautotrophs
        
        photosynthesis
        
        leaf
        
        stomata
        
        chloroplast
        
        chlorophyll
        
        grana
        
        stack of thylakoid
        
        thylakoid
        
        membrane
        
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        stroma
        
        calvin cycle
        
        3 more items...
        
        mesophyll
        
        redox process
        
        H2O oxidized
        
        CO2 reduced
        
        6CO2 + H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
- - - - Prokaryotic
        
        Domain Eukarya
      - Eukaryotic
    - - Nucleus
        
        Nuclear Envelope
        
        Chromatin
        
        Nucleolus
        
        Contains DNA