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Genetics - Coggle Diagram

- - - - For example, the study found a correlation
      - coefficient of 0.69 on the IQ test for identical twins raised apart and a 0.88 for
      - identical twins living together. This shows that the environment has some effect
      - on IQ score since twins raised in the same family have more similar IQs.
      - :warning:
        
        Twin studies like this one have
        
        been criticized in one important way, however. Even twins raised in separate
        
        families obviously share very similar physical appearances. This physical
        
        similarity may cause others to treat them in similar ways, creating the same
        
        ef ective psychological environment for both twins. This similarity in
        
        environment might explain the high correlations that Bouchard attributed to
        
        genetic influence.
- - - - Certain segments
      - of DNA control the production of specific proteins that control some human
      - traits. These discrete segments are called genes.
- - - - For example, babies with
      - Turner’s syndrome are born with only a single X chromosome in the spot
      - usually occupied by the twenty-third pair. Turner’s syndrome causes some
      - physical characteristics, like shortness, webbed necks, and differences in
      - physical sexual development
    - - Babies born with Klinefelter’s syndrome have an
      - extra X chromosome, resulting in an XXY pattern. The effects of this syndrome
      - vary widely, but it usually causes minimal sexual development and personality
      - traits like extreme introversion
    - - Other chromosomal abnormalities may cause mental retardation. The most
      - common type is Down syndrome. Babies with Down syndrome are born with an
      - extra chromosome on the twenty-first pair. Some physical characteristics are
      - indicative of Down syndrome: rounded face, shorter fingers and toes, slanted
      - eyes set far apart, and some degree of mental retardation.