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Chapter 8:
Ecology of the Peer Group, The peer group is a microsystem in…
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The peer group is a microsystem in that it comprises relationships, roles, and activities. Peers are a group of equals, usually of the same age, gender, and socioeconomic status, who share the same interests.
The peer group affects the psychological development by meeting the needs of belonging and social interaction as well as promoting a sense of self and personal identity.
The peer group affects social development by providing opportunities for independence from adults, and allowing children to "learn by doing."
The peer group affects cognitive development by enabling understanding about people, the self, relations between people, social groups' roles and rules, and the relation of such conceptions to social behavior.
The socializing mechanisms that peers employ to influence one another's behavior are reinforcement, modeling, punishment, and apprenticeship.
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The chronosystem influences the peer group over time in that play/activities have cognitive, social, psychological, and adaptive functions for adult life.
As children develop, peer group interaction, social relationships, and friendship become more complicated.
Peer group dynamics and social hierarchies affect who is included and excluded, as well as who is a bully or a victim, which in turn affect children's behavior and self-esteem.
Antisocial gang behavior usually occurs in the peer groups whose members lack family support and live in poor, unsupportive neighborhoods. Gangs are allegiances that engage in unlawful activities.
Mesosystem influences on peer groups emerge from links with adults in that groups structured by adults, unlike those structured by children, provide values, rules, leadership, and mediation.