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ADJECTIVES modifying Nouns expressing physical/ qualities/opinion/atti…
ADJECTIVES
modifying Nouns
expressing physical/ qualities/opinion/attitude
TYPES
1)
Attributive
: Use
before N
a quality/ characteristic that so/sth has
2)
Predicative
: position: Subject complement
Used after V linking => after N
:!: Ko phải A nào cũng đc cả 2 loại như Good. Ex: Various: only Type 1
1)
Gradable
Have a certain property to a greater or lesser degree
Modified by very, enough, too: very
nice
Have comparative & superlative forms:
nicer
2)
Non-gradable
: Not satisfy 3 conditions. Ex: wonderful
FORMATION
Simple
A: often mono-syllabic & bi-syllabic words
Derived
A (Tính từ phái sinh):
From N, other A, or V by adding certain suffixes: hopeful, marvelous
From A by adding prefixes: unhappy, insecure
From V or A by adding prefix
a-
: asleep, alone
Compound
A:
N + A: tax-free
Determiner + A: all-American
Number + N: four-wheel
Adv + Participle: well-balanced
Adv+ Adv: well-off
POSITIONS
Attributive & Predicative
Attributive only(Before N)
: chief, elder, eventual, indoor
Little
is mostly attributive
:!: That cottage is little :red_cross: nói về size
When I was little :check: nói về age
Same
cannot be predicative without the:
Ex: Yes, I had
the same
experience./ Yes, my experience was
the same
a N as modifier can only be attributive: a
tennis
club
Nouns saying what sth is made of: It's a
metal
pipe/ The pipe is
metal
Precative only
(After V linking, N)
Words with the prefix
a-
:
awake, ashamed, alike
etc
:star: Words can be attributive if modified by an Adv.
Ex: the
wide awake
children :check: Awake children :red_cross:
Words to do with health:
fine, ill # sick, unwell
Ex: She is a well person :red_cross: She is well :check:
Words expressing feelings:
content, glad, pleased, upset
:star:
Exception:
Pleased, glad, upset => attributive when not referring directly to people:
a
pleased
expression :check: a pleased person :red_cross:
Different Meaning in different positions
1)
Attributive only
: poor you! (sympathy) #
Either position
: poor people/ The people are poor. (=little money)
2)
Attributive only
: a certain address (=specific) #
Predicative only
: I'm certain (=sure)
3)
Attributive
: She's a beautiful dance. (Her dancing is beautiful) #
Predicative
: The dancer is beautiful. (=The dance is a beautiful person).
Adj after N, proN
After N
1) Sometimes A can go
after N
Ex: He has a face
thin
and
worn
, but
eager
and
resolute
2) A + prepositional phrase cannot go before the N
He is a man (who is)
greedy for money
Rule: giữa N & A mà có những từ ko phải N, A có thể lược bỏ
3) Position depends on the meaning
The amount of money
involved
is quite small. (=relevant)
It's a rather
involved
story. (complicated)
After proN
A come
after
indefinite proN
You mustn't do
anything (that is) silly
Order of Attributive A
Oder: Opinion, Size, Quality, Age, Shape, Color, Participle forms, Origin, Material, Type, Purpose
Exception
The order sometimes change
a
big horrible
building(size) # a
horrible big
building (opinion)
Old
&
Young
referring to ppl often come next to the N
Ex: a
dignified old
laday
:pencil2: Adj
closet to the N
=>
closet link in meaning
w the N and
expresses what is most permanent
:pencil2: 2 Adj similar meanings => shorter often come first.
Ex: A
bright, cheerful
smile or a
soft, comfortable
chair
:pencil2: 2 A cùng loại phải dùng "," hoặc "and"
A # loại thì ko đc "," hoặc "and" mà viết liền.
Ex: a
soft and comfortable
chair -
beautiful golden
sands
:pencil2:
But
: used when the A refer to 2 qualities in contrast
Ex: a
cheap
but
effective
solution
COMPARISONS
Equatives, Comparatives, Superlatives.
Irregular: 1) good/well - better - the best
2) bad - worse - the worst
3) many/much - more - the most
4) little - less - the least
5) far - farther/further - farthest/furthest
Regular: Short A and Long A
1) one-syllable => most: Short A (except: -ed, real, right, wrong)
clear, free, keen, sage, sure, true, wise: Both A
2) 2-syllable => most: -ful, -less, -ing, -ed => long (except: -y: short)
able, clever, common, cruel, feeble, gentle, handsome, narrow, pleasant, polite, simple, sincere, stupid: Both A
3) 3-syllable => Long A (except: unhappy - both A)
:!: Than (+pron) => prep : She is taller than me (Văn nói)
Than (+clause) => conjunction: She is taller than I am :check:
Double Comparatives
1) -er and - er, more and more
2) The -er..., the -er... Ex:
The colder
it is,
the hungrier
I get.
3) The more, the merrier.
4) The more..., the more...
Ex:
The more generous
you are towards others,
the more generous
they are likely to be towards you.
Comparative w
Less
The second method was
less complicated
than the first one
:star:
twice/two times/three times + as + Adj/Adv + as
SS gấp bn lần => Dùng ss bằng
Ex: My new laptop is twice as expensive as my old one.
1) farther/ farthest: khoảng cách địa lý
further/furthest: khoảng cách và additional infor: ko gian, tầm nhìn
2) older/oldest: dùng cho cả vật (cũ) và ng (già). Before/After N
elder/ eldest: chỉ dùng để chỉ ng (age). Before N
Elder brother: Tôn trọng (lớn và nhiều kiến thức) hơn dùng older brother.
3) latest: the most recent # last: cuối cùng
4) nearest: gần nhất # next: tiếp theo
Participle as A
-ing A: ppl's/thing's features, characteristics (chủ động).
-ed A: ppl's/thing's feelings/emotion (bị động)
THE + A
1)
Social groups
Refer to some groups of ppl in the society: the
poor
, the
rich
Few A can come after
a/an
to mean a specific person.
Ex: Now as a superstar, she was
an unknown
, only 2 years ago.
Can be used as N: a
black
= a black person.
a whole ppl => the + A of nationality: the
English
2)
Abstract qualities
Refer to things in general having an abstract quality: the
new
, the
unexplained