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vcert pe body revision p1. - Coggle Diagram
vcert pe body revision p1.
skeletal system
axial skeleton- torso
appendicular skeleton- limbs
functions of the skeleton
protection- cranium supports soft tissue of brain
shape- without, body would be flabby and shapeless
blood cell production- red blood cells are made in the rib and limb bones
calcium storage- bone is the largest supply of calcium
support- the vertebrae support the head
movement- bones and joints work with muscles to enable movement
types of bones and joints
long eg. femur, metacarpals + metatarsals
short eg. carpals + tarsals
flat eg. cranium, ribs
irregular eg. vertebrae, hip bones
slightly moveable joints- spine
fixed joints- skull, pelvis
synovial joints- pivot, condyloid, saddle, hinge, ball and socket, gliding
joint actions
flexion + extension
adduction + abduction
circumduction (circular movement)
synovial joint characteristics
tendons- very strong, non-elastic cords that joint muscle to bone
bursae- a sac filled with liquid, floating inside the joint to reduce friction between tendon and bone
cartilage- tough, flexible tissue that acts as a buffer between bones, preventing them from rubbing up against each other and causing friction
synovial fluid- a clear and slippery liquid the lubricates the joint and stops the bones from rubbing together
ligaments- bands of elastic fibre that attach bone to bone, keeping the joints stable by restricting movement
muscular system
types of muscle
cardiac muscle- only found in the heart, oxygen dependant and involuntary, aids blood flow to the heart
skeletal muscle- found around the body, can work with or without oxygen, voluntary, aids with movement
smooth muscle- found in different locations- digestive tract, blood vessels and lungs, contracts in all directions, can work without oxygen, involuntary, aids digestion and helps blood flow
antagonistic muscle pairs
def- a pair of muscles the work together to move
eg. bicep and tricep, quads and hamstrings
muscle contractions
isotonic- muscles working and moving
when the muscle shortens or lengthens to move whilst under tension
this can be broken down into:
concentric- shortening (flexion)
eccentric- lengthening (extension)
isometric- muscles working and not moving
this is when the muscle is under tension but is static and does not shorten or lengthen
types of muscle fibres
types 1- slow twitch
contract slowly but continue working for a long time
dependant on oxygenated blood to provide energy for muscle contractions (aerobic)
red in colour due to high amount of oxygen
used by long distance runners
type 2a- fast oxidative fibres
contract quickly but fatigue faster than slow twitch fibres
can work aerobically and anaerobically
still red in colour as they contain oxygen
used by 400m - 800m runners
type 2b- fast glycolytic fibres
contract very quickly to perform forceful contractions
fatigue quicker than the other types
fully anaerobic
white in colour due to lack of oxygen
used by 100m sprinters
