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HSP 3U Introduction to Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology - Coggle…

- - - - Postmodernists decipher what society believes is true.
      - Postmodernism stresses that it is unreasonable for anyone to have an objective or knowledge of another culture.
      - Everyone sees the world around us differently. Everyone has their own personal experiences and outlooks which means there should be a neutral view on other cultures. No bias.
    - - Bones
        
        Fractures or damage done to bones can indicate how they died.
        
        Size of the bones can determine age
        
        Teeth can indicated foods eaten
        
        Location can reveal where early humans live
      - Tools
        
        Early humans made tools
        
        Rocks were sharpened for different things
        
        Material reveals what they had access to at the time
        
        The shape gives away different discoveries
      - How did humans evolve?
      - Art
        
        They passed knowledge down through art
        
        They taught each other through art
        
        Early humans made art revealing what the world looked like at the time
        
        What they did during downtime
        
        How animals were hunted and their diets
        
        Different sizes of communities that lived together
    - - Two or more people or things depend on each other in society.
      - Making sure everyone has what they need creates a successful society.
      - Institutions, roles, standards etc. need to be there/serve purpose in society to survive
      - Functionalism acknowledges culture as a whole. Culture is interlinked for a successful society.
    - - What makes us human? What makes us unique?
        
        Louis Leakley
        
        Influenced the field of primatology
        
        He believed that ancient humans could be learned about from closely related animals.
        
        He was a paleoanthropologist, but influenced many primatologists.
        
        Humans are social, they interact with each other, they work together, families live together, older people teach younger people.
        
        Jane Goodall
        
        Jane lived along chimpanzees
        
        She studied chimpanzees and their societies
        
        Humans and monkeys were closely connected through her research
        
        Primates
        
        Primates can learn language to interact
        
        There is nothing stopping primates becoming as smart or capable as humans.
        
        Primates make tools
        
        Primates for hierarchies and classes
        
        Primates have war and hate but they also love, create families and evolve.
        
        Humans and primates have SEVERAL things in common
    - - Marvin Harris (1960s)
        
        Something which is not important in society will disappear from society.
        
        Healthcare, education, laws and more must remain valuable or they will not exist.
        
        Society develops on trial-and-error basis.
        
        Hindu Belief and sacred cow.
        
        Cows in India are used for important agricultural use.
- - - - Why we react differently in certain environments
      - Learning human behaviour
      - Classical Conditioning
        
        How people and society control reactions
        
        Two stimuli are linked together in order for a new response in a person or animal
        
        EXAMPLE. Classical conditioning was done on a small child. A fear was made of white and furry things. This fear would last for a lifetime.
        
        Ivan Pavlov
      - Operant Conditioning
        
        How people and society control actions
        
        B.F. Skinner
        
        Terms used in operant conditioning: Reinforcement, Punishment, Positive, Negative.
        Taught, Untaught, Added, Removed.
        
        Operant conditioning gives reward and and punishment depending on behaviour
        
        Teaches people/animals how to operate for results/reward
        
        EXAMPLE: Dog is taught how to ring bell for food
    - - How we change and what happens to us at different times in our lives
        
        Sigmund Freud
        
        Centres attention on pleasure of children as they mature
        
        Stages occur over time. Development can be focused on an earlier stage due to unresolved conflict at oral, anal or phallic stage.
        
        Focus on one stage can cause behaviours like smoking, nail biting and more.
        
        Jean Piaget
        
        IQ tests which were done at different ages differentiated a lot, Jean focused on this.
        
        Cognitive development theories were made
        
        Education and curriculum material was focused on to make sure it was relaistic
        
        Harry Harlow
        
        Harry studied primates considering the similarities between us. He thought behaviours between the two were similar.
        
        Infants form an attachment to people who feed them
        
        Harry wanted to know if affection or physical needs should be satisfied first
        
        Erik Erikson
        
        Erik believed that rather then just childhood, we are developing for our entire lives
        
        Society plays a big role in development, rather than just personal experiences
        
        Adolescents experience an identity crisis. This makes someone self-conscious, and conflicts are started unconsciously.
    - - Humanistic psychology focuses on growth, rather then how they developed
      - Therapy is more about them recovering independently with the help of a therapist.
      - Therapy for people to understand their own behaviour and personal self.
      - Therapy included things like diary accounts, open-ended questionnaires, and several other methods which focused on self recovery.
      - Abraham Maslow
        
        Considered to be one of the founders of Humanistic Psychology
        
        He created THE HIERARCHY OF NEEDS.
        
        People were observed, and determined that each need must be met before moving onto the next.
        
        There were five parts in the Hierarchy of Needs: Psychological & Safety (basic needs), Love/Belonging & Esteem (Psychological needs), Self-actualization (self-fulfillment).
        
        The whole theory created new ways of thinking regarding motivation.
    - - Who are you? How do you react to life's situations
        
        Carl Jung
        
        SELF AWEARNESS
        
        Overcoming challenges in life, we need to be self aware
        
        Understanding our own personality is developed through attitude, motivation and reaction to challenge
        
        Reaction to challenges with the unconscious mind can be changed with the conscious mind as we learn and understand
        
        Carl created the terms, introvert, extrovert, ambiverts and the differences in personalities.
        
        Carl believed in 4 types of personalities. Thinkers, feelings, sensation and intuition.
        
        Over several decades, psychologist have been working off of Carls knowledge.
        
        Personality tests are made all over the internet for people to understand their own personalities.
    - - Sigmund Freud
        
        Unconscious mind. What you do without thinking. Breathing, seeing, walking, etc.
        
        ID. Impulsive, unconscious mind. Driven by pleasure, operates by instinct.
        
        Conscious Mind. What you think, know, imagine. Processes you kno are happening.
        
        EGO. Balanced between impulse/pleasures with social needs. In between ID and Superego.
        
        SUPEREGO. The mind that thinks of others, cares for others. Both conscious and unconscious.
        
        Sigmund had several threries, many of them have been disproven and not further researched.
- - - - Symbolic Interaction centres looking at beliefs and actions of people.
      - Personal experiences reflect how someone may see the world, or certain things.
      - Experiences and interactions create an outlook on certain objects, personal self and other people.
      - People behave based on what they believe, rather then what may actually be the truth
      - Studying social interaction is important in understanding human behavior
      - People develop through social interaction
    - - In the economy, categories of society compete for power
      - There is division in society. There are different classes of society
      - Conflict theory looks at how inequalities contribute to social differences
      - For example, Public School and Private School. One of them is free, and the other can only be accessed by certain people.
      - Eventually, there will be social change. Certain parts of society can become too divided, causing hatred and outbreak,
      - Karl Marx was the creator of communism. He was associated with the theory of conflict
    - - All components function together for a successful and stable society
      - For example, education and healthcare rely on each other.
      - All parts of society rely on each other to function
      - Stability is approached by working together. If one part of society collapses, so will others.
      - Émile Durkheim was a functionalist. He believed society needed rules, schedules, goals and more.