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BIOLOGICAL PROCESS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The fossil record shows that more than 3000 million years ago bacteria and algae and more recent fossil correspond to frozen bodies of mammoths.
  - - - Mummification: Preserve the rests that were buried in dry environments, subject to high temperatures since dehydration prevents decomposition.
      - Preservation of hard parts: It is characterized for preserving hard parts (bones), due to quick burial that isolates them from oxidation and decomposition.
- - - - • Chemical or non-clastic: their formation is produced by the deposition of chemical compounds or by the accumulation of organic substance
        
        Metamorphic
        
        • They are formed from preexisting rocks that have gone trough a drastic increase in temperature in pressure
        
        • High temperatures that exist in the depths of the terrestrial crust
        
        • Pressure exert by rocks, pressure of plates and the pressure of existing fluids between grains that conform it
        
        • The processes of loss of wáter and carbonates that increase chemical reactions that change them
        
        Layerd rocks: they have parallel lines formed by a differential heat and pressure durinf their creation
        
        Non-layered rocks: Mineral grains do not show a regular orientation but a mosaic
        
        Igneous or manegtic
        
        They are formed by the soldification of magma. This means, the rocky material wich is hot, liquid and is located in the deepest layers of the Earth and comes out to the exterior in a volcanic eruption
        
        • If magma is solidified under the Surface on the Earth, it is called plutonic or intrusive. This type of rocks is dense, not porous as granites
        
        • If the cooling happens over the lithosphere, the rock is called volcanic or extrusive
        
        • If the soldification of magma happens inside crack sor scream in their way to the Surface, then dyke rocks are formed
- - - - The terrestrial crust is the most external solid portion of the planet. lt has several rocky plates
        called tectonic plates. Form the lithosphere, is between 70 and 150 km thick. We can imagine it as a great block that moves slowly over the asthenosphere of the Earth. The theory of the tectonic plates establishes it's continuous movement, displacing horizontally over the terrestrial mantle. In the líthosphere we can distinguish fifteen major plates.
        
        HOW FAST DO TECTONIC PLATES MOVE?
        
        To determine the movement of tectonic plates, sclentists use a positioning system known as GPS. This system locales a point on the planetwith high precision, thanks to the functioning related among satellites that orbit in the terrestrial atmosphere and the receptors located on Earth. Hence,it has been determined that tectonic plates move at a velocity between 2,5 cm/ year and 15 cm/year. Nowadays geologists can determine the distance between different specific points of the
        planet thanks to the GPS.
- - - - Their origin is caused by warming provoked by solar radiation and the force os gravity. (can ve passive or active)
        
        • Passive: Atmospheric agents (temperatura, humidity, etc.) capable of
        desintegrating rocks but not to mobilize the fragments produced
        
        Active:
        atmospheric agents achieving fragmentation and mobilizing fragments of rock:
        
        Wind: hits the rocks and wears them down gradually. Besides. It drags particles that detach and deposits them in other places.
        
        Water: It acts in diverse ways; for exmaple, rainerodes the ground, while rivers and the sea fragment the rocks.
        
        Living beings: Human action modifies the landscape constantly. The natural growth of vegetation fractures the rocks and the roots stick to the floor, wich prevents that the water drags it.
      - GEOLOGICAL INTERNAL AGENTS
        
        Are considered constructive since they formo r deform the terrestrial relief. Their origin is the internal heat of the Earth. Their way of manifesting are slow or sudden movements (earthquakes and volcanoes) over the Earth ́s crust. Form new minerals and rocks.
        
        Earthquakes: violent shakes of the Earth's, produced by the fracture and displacement of big rock masses in the interior of the cortex.
        
        Volcanoes: openings of the terrestrial cortex that reach deep zones where magma.
    - - Is the integration of all processes caused both by internal and external geological agents, is carried out frequently, uninterruptedly and simultaneously. Have three phases:
        
        • Orogeny: Formation of new mountain ranges
        
        • Glyptogenesis: Deformation of the relief by external agents
        
        • Lithogenesis: Formation of new materials from the existing incorporate from the interior.
- - - - The internal geologic processes are responsible for creating the relief. Because of the internal dynamics of the planet, materials move inside the crust, which give space to the formation of mountain ranges(orogeny), the displacement of continents and the opening or closing the oceans.
        The external geologic processes are responsible for modelling the relief (glyptogenesis) through the action of biological agents such as the atmosphere, the biosphere, aside from the action of the solar energy and gravity.
        
        The cycles of rocks
        
        The cycles rocks start with the consolidation of magma and the formation of magmatic rocks until the formation of sedimentary rocks.
        
        These ones can be expelled to the surface in volcanic eruptions or turn into metamorphic rocks due to the exposition to high temperature and pressure.
        
        Rocks on the surface decompose, degrade or erode and form loose materials called debris.
        
        Due to the action of water (rain or rivers), debris is dragged and sediments.
        
        These sediments are subject to physical and chemical changes, which is the characteristic of a process called diagenesis, which forms sedimentary rock.
        
        Sedimentary rocks can go through processes that turn them into metamorphic rocks.
        
        Finally, metamorphic rocks can give place to igneous rocks or emerge to the surface to turn into debris, then into sedimentary rocks and so on until they complete or repeat the cycle.