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Types of Substances - Coggle Diagram
Types of Substances
Covalent Molecular
Chemical Properties
Carbon Molecules
Physical Properties
Low melting or boiling points
Do not conduct
Can be solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature
Types of Covalent Molecules
Alkanes
Saturation Test
Materials:
Distilled Water
Test Tube
Substance
Bromine Water
Method:
In a test tube, add 10 drops of the substance either as a liquid or dissolved in distilled water.
Add 10 drops of bromine water and mix. If the liquid changes colour and becomes clear, it is unsaturated meaning contains double or triple carbon-carbon bonds. If it does not react, the substance is saturated and contains only single carbon-carbon bonds.
Alkenes
Alkynes
Carbocylic Acids
Sodium Bicarbonate Test
Materials:
Test tubes
Test tube rack
Sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
Compound to be tested
Method:
Put 2 mL of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution in a clean test tube.
Add 3 drops of the liquid compound or a rice grain of the solid compound to it. Add the compound slowly.
Bubbles indicate the presence of a carboxylic acid group.
Alcohols
Sodium Metal Test
Take the organic compound to be tested in a dry test tube.
Add 1gm of anhydrous calcium sulfate and shake well to remove excess water.
Decant the solution to another clean test tube.
Add a small piece of sodium metal.
If brisk effervescence appears due to the evolution of hydrogen gas indicate the presence of alcoholic group.
Aldehydes
Tollen's Test
Take 1ml of silver nitrate solution in a clean test tube.
Add dilute sodium hydroxide solution to it, a brown precipitate forms.
Add dilute ammonia solution dropwise till the brown precipitate of silver oxide dissolves.
To this freshly prepared Tollen’s reagent add the given organic compound to be tested.
Place the test tube in a warm water bath for about 5 to 10 minutes.
If there is the appearance of a silver mirror in the sides of the test tube conforms the presence of an aldehyde.
Combustion Test
Materials:
Watch Glass
Substance
Matches
Method:
Add 3 rice grains of each substance to separate watch glasses
Ignite each substance using matches
Record any observations
Ionic
Chemical properties
Conduct electricity in solution
Do not conduct in solid state
Physical Properties
Form Crystals
High Melting and boiling points
Hard and brittle
Only solid at room temperature
Tests to prove ionic substances
Boiling point test:
Materials:
Test tube
Large peg/ tongs (To secure test tube above the flame)
Substance
Bunsen Burner
Heat proof mat
Matches
Method:
Place one rice grain of substance in a test tube
Wave above a blue flame, ensuring the test tube is constantly moving.
If a substance melts or boils in less than one minute it has what is considered to be a relatively low melting point. If it takes longer it has a high melting point.
Conductivity Test:
Materials:
Distilled Water
Small Beaker
Substance
Conductivity Kit
Method:
Place a rice grain of the pure substance into a small beaker.
Place the two ends of the conductivity test into the substance and observe if the globe glows. If the globe glows this means the substance is conductive. If it doesn’t glow the substance is non-conductive.
In a separate beaker, place a spatula of the pure substance along with 10ml of water.
Mix thoroughly and repeat step 2 with this substance. If the globe lights up the substance is conductive in liquid form. If the globe remains dark the substance is not conductive in any form.
Record the observations in the table.
Metallic
Chemical Properties
Good conductors in sollid form
Physical Properties
Lustrous
Malleable
High melting and boiling points
Tests:
Conductivity: Conductive in Solid Form:
Materials:
Distilled Water
Small Beaker
Substance
Conductivity Kit
Method:
Place a rice grain of the pure substance into a small beaker.
Place the two ends of the conductivity test into the substance and observe if the globe glows. If the globe glows this means the substance is conductive. If it doesn’t glow the substance is non-conductive.
In a separate beaker, place a spatula of the pure substance along with 10ml of water.
Mix thoroughly and repeat step 2 with this substance. If the globe lights up the substance is conductive in liquid form. If the globe remains dark the substance is not conductive in any form.
Record the observations in the table.
Covalent Network Lattice
Chemical Properties
Physical Properties
High melting point
High boiling point
Tests:
Boiling Point: High Boiling Point
Materials:
Test tube
Large peg/ tongs (To secure test tube above the flame)
Substance
Bunsen Burner
Heat proof mat
Matches
Method:
Place one rice grain of substance in a test tube
Wave above a blue flame, ensuring the test tube is constantly moving.
If a substance melts or boils in less than one minute it has what is considered to be a relatively low melting point. If it takes longer it has a high melting point.
Conductivity: Not conductive in any form
Materials:
Distilled Water
Small Beaker
Substance
Conductivity Kit
Method:
Place a rice grain of the pure substance into a small beaker.
Place the two ends of the conductivity test into the substance and observe if the globe glows. If the globe glows this means the substance is conductive. If it doesn’t glow the substance is non-conductive.
In a separate beaker, place a spatula of the pure substance along with 10ml of water.
Mix thoroughly and repeat step 2 with this substance. If the globe lights up the substance is conductive in liquid form. If the globe remains dark the substance is not conductive in any form.
Record the observations in the table.