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Psychodynamic. - Coggle Diagram
Psychodynamic.
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Psychosexual Stages.
Freud claimed that child development occurs in 5 stages. Each stage is marked by a different conflict that a child must resolve to progress successfully onto the next stage. If a conflict is unresolved at any point during psychosexual development, it results in fixation.
Fixation – where a child becomes ‘stuck’ at a stage due to under or over gratification at a specific psychosexual stage, and it impacts on their behaviour as an adult.
ORAL STAGE 0-1 YEARS.
- The focus of pleasure for the child is the mouth (Mother’s breast is the object of desire).
- If fixation occurs at this stage, Freud believed that this could manifest as drinking/alcohol, smoking, eating addictions, or nail biting etc…
ANAL STAGE 1-3 YEARS.
- The focus of the libido is on the anus (bottom), as the child learns to respond to some of the demands of society (e.g. bladder and bowel control), the child gains pleasure from defecating.
- The major conflict at this stage is potty training, developing control over bodily functions associated with potty training leads to a huge sense of accomplishment.
- Fixation at this stage can lead to an individual developing either an anal retentive or expulsive personality type- this ultimately may lead to the development of mild Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
PHALLIC STAGE 3-5 YEARS.
- During this part of development, a child starts to notice their gender and the key differences between males and females.
- The erogenous zones become the genitals and, according to Freud, unconscious sexual desires for the opposite sex parent start to development.
- Freud stated the presence of the (a) Oedipus Complex, boys feeling a guilt over their unconscious sexual desires for their Mothers and feeling of threat/punishment from Fathers for holding such a desire.
- (b) Electra Complex, girls feeling a guilt over their unconscious sexual desires for their Fathers and feeling of threat/punishment from Mother for holding such desires.
- According to Freud, girls also experience feelings of hostility towards their Mothers.
- Fixation at this stage is said to be linked to narcissism, recklessness and homosexuality.
LATENT STAGE 5- PUBERTY.
- At this stage, earlier conflicts are temporarily repressed. The child develops their mastery of the world around them.
- During this stage, the conflicts and issues of the previous stages are repressed.
- Children are usually very happy in this stage and often cannot remember previous experiences.
- Unable to form friendships.
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Defence Mechanisms.
The ego balances potential conflict between the ID and superego and tries to reduce anxiety. In areas of significant conflict, the ego can redirect psychic energy using 'defence mechanisms'. Three key mechanisms Freud proposed are:
Repression:
- Forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind.
- Someone forgetting the trauma of their favourite pet dying.
Displacement:
- Transferring feelings from the true source of the distressing emotion onto a substitute target.
- Slamming the door after a row with a partner.
Denial:
- Refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality.
- Someone continuing to turn up for work even though they have been sacked.
Freud.
- He highlights the role of the unconscious mind, the structure of personality and the influence that childhood experiences have on later life.
- Freud was trained as a neurologist and he mainly treated hysteria.
- Freud believed that the unconscious mind determines most of our behavior and that we are motivated by unconscious emotional drives.
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