Cell cycle
Meiosis
Mitosis
The phase of the cell cycle where chromosomes in the nucleus are evenly divided between two cells.
The cell division process is complete, two daughter cells with identical genetic material are produced.
It is created sex cells, like female egg cells or male sperm cells. The important thing is that each new cell contains a unique set of genetic information.
Interphase
Meiosis I
Separates the pairs of homologous chromosomes.
Meiosis II
Separates each chromosome into two chromatids.
Prometaphase I
Spindle apparatus formed, and chromosomes attached to spindle fibres by kinetochores.
Metaphase I
Homologous pairs of chromosomes (bivalents) arranged as a double row along the metaphase plate.
Anaphase I
The homologous chromosomes in each bivalent are separated and move to the opposite poles of the cell
A dividing cell enters mitosis, it undergoes a period of growth called interphase.
Telophase I
The chromosomes become diffuse and the nuclear membrane reforms.
90 percent of a cell's time in the normal cell cycle may be spent in interphase.
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
Cytokinesis
The final cellular division to form two new cells, followed by Meiosis II
The period prior to the synthesis of DNA. In this phase, the cell increases in mass in preparation for cell division.
Prophase II
The chromosomes begin to condense accompanied by the dissolution of the nuclear membrane and the disappearance of the Golgi apparatus and ER complex.
The G1 phase is the first gap phase
The period during which DNA is synthesized. In most cells, there is a narrow window of time during which DNA is synthesized.
The S stands for synthesis.
The period after DNA synthesis has occurred but prior to the start of prophase. The cell synthesizes proteins and continues to increase in size.
Metaphase II
The chromosomes are connected to the centriole poles at the kinetochores of sister chromatids through the microtubules.
The G2 phase is the second gap phase.
Anaphase II
There is a simultaneous splitting of the centromere of each chromosome and the sister chromatids are pulled away towards the opposite poles
Telophase II
The chromosomes dissolve again into an undifferentiated lump and a nuclear envelope develops around it.
Prophase
The chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes.
Prophase (versus interphase) is the first true step of the mitotic process.
How fast does it take for a cell to reproduce two cell daughters? G1 for about 10 hours, between 5 and 6 hours to complete S phase, G2 is shorter, lasting only 3 to 4 hours, and mitosis takes takes about 2 hours.
During prophase, a number of important changes occur:
Metaphase
Anaphase
The spindle reaches maturity and the chromosomes align at the metaphase plate
Telophase
Cytokinesis
(a plane that is equally distant from the two spindle poles)
The nuclear membrane disappears completely
The polar fibers continue to spread
Chromosomes move randomly
From the poles to the center of the cell
Chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate
In his cinetochores to polar fibers
In this
In this
Before
This is divided into
Is
When
Paired chromosomes separate
In this
They start to move to opposite ends
And
Cell poles
The spindle fibers not connected to the chromatids elongate and elongate the cell.
Each pole contains a complete compilation of chromosomes
Finally
In this
Namely
Chromosomes cordon off into new distinct nuclei in emerging daughter cells.
In this
The polar fibers continue to lengthen
Changes occur like
Nuclei begin to form at opposite poles
Also
Nuclear envelopes are formed
The chromatin fibers of the chromosomes unwind
About
Cell cytoplasm division
It is
Before the end of mitosis in anaphase and complete shortly after telophase / mitosis
This begins
Two genetically identical daughter cells are produced
In the end
Diploid cells
They are
Each cell contains a full complement of chromosomes
Bibliographic references:
- Bailey, R. (2019). The stages of mitosis and cell division. Obtenido de ThoughtCo.: https://www.thoughtco.com/stages-of-mitosis-373534
https://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellreproduction/cellcycle/sectio
n2/
https://www.sciencefocus.com/the-human-body/what-cells-in-the-human-body-live-the-longest/
Conclusion
In conclusion, the cell cycle is a series of fundamental stages of growth and development that a cell experiences, where it must carry out various processes from its birth to its reproduction, dividing these processes into two main stages, mitosis and meiosis, where the first constitutes a balanced distribution of genetic material, typical of asexual reproduction, and the second constitutes a process of cell division typical of sexual reproduction, where the number of chromosomes is reduced by half. -Nicol
Are there human mutations that are helpful? why? yes, beacuse some of the mutations have a positive effect on the organism
Why does DNA mutate within cells? Mutations can result from DNA copying mistakes made during cell division, exposure to ionizing radiation, exposure to chemicals called mutagens, or infection by viruses
How fast does it take for a sexual cell to reproduce? the duration of meiosis is very variable. For instance, in animals it ranges from about 1-2 days in male Drosophila melanogaster to more than 24 days in male Homo sapiens
Apoptosis
It's divided into
A type of cell death that multicellular organisms
This is
Kill damaged or unnecessary cells
Use to
Orderly process where cellular content is packed into small membranous packages
Is a
When do cells stop reproducing? Cells stop dividing after a certain number of reproductions – about 50 – due to specialised stretches of DNA called telomeres
The immune cells to "pick up the waste"
For
The cell undergoes apoptosis, it goes through a series of processes
How long is the life of a cell? On average, the cells in your body are replaced every 7 to 10 years. But those numbers hide a huge variability in lifespan across the different organs of the
When
Shrinkage
Such as
What causes cell to die? Cells can die because they are damaged, but most cells die by killing themselves.
DNA shortening
In conclusion, the cell cycle is really important because it provides us the growth, the maintenance and repair of cells and tissues wich allow us to survive. All these proces are very specialized and if one phase has a mistake can produce a damage to our organisms. -Karla
Decomposition of some organelles
Division of the cell into small pieces
The endoplasmic reticulum, break down into fragments
The entire cell is divided into small pieces, each carefully wrapped in a membrane package.
Such as