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Cerebrovascular disease- cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or stroke - Coggle…
Cerebrovascular disease- cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or stroke
Causes
Diabetes mellitus
Being overweight or obesity
Heart disease, which includes defective heart valves as well as atrial fibrillation, or irregular heartbeat
Age- chances of having stroke increases as one gets older
Cigarette smoking
Certain medications can raise chances of stroke, e.g. blood-thinning drugs can sometimes make stroke more likely through bleeding
High blood pressure
Clinical manifestations
Problems seeing in one or both eyes
Headache
Paralysis or numbness of the face, arm or leg
Trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance or coordination
Trouble speaking and understanding what others are saying
Risk factors
High Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol levels
Heart and blood vessel diseases
Brain aneurysms arteriovenous malformations
Viral infections or conditions that cause inflammation, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis
Diabetes
Age- in adults, the risk for stroke increases with age
Smoking
Family history and genetics
Definition
This is a condition which occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. Brain cells begin to die in minutes.
Complications
Loss of bone density or strength
Loss of vision, hearing, and touch
Loss of bladder or bowel control
Muscle weakness, or inability to move
Difficulty speaking
Problems with language, thinking, or memory
Dangerous blood clots
Seizures
Swelling in the brain
Nursing care plan
Review individual pathology and ability to swallow, noting extent of the paralysis, clarity of speech, tongue involvement, ability to protect airway, and episodes of coughing
Nutritional interventions and choices of feeding route are determined by the above-mentioned factors
Elevate arm and hand to promote venous return and helps prevent edema formation
Point to objects and ask patient to name them, to test for expressive aphasia. Patient may recognize item but not be able to name it
Change positions at least every 2 hours (supine, side lying) and possibly more often if placed on affected side to reduce risk of tissue injury
Speak in normal tones and avoid talking too fast. Give patient ample time to respond, and avoid pressing for a response
Assist patient with head control, and position based on specific dysfunction. Good positioning can facilitate intake and reduce risk of aspiration
Pathophysiology
Hemorrhagic stroke is caused by bleeding or leaky blood vessels
Ischemic occlusions contribute to around 85% of casualties in stroke patients, with the remainder due to intracerebral bleeding
Ischemic stroke is caused by deficient blood and oxygen supply to the brain
References
Black, J.M., & Hawks, J.H. (2009). Medical-surgical nursing: Clinical management for positive outcomes (Vol.1). A.M.Keene (Ed). Saunders Elsevier.
Nurseslabs.com
National institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke: "Brain Basics: Preventing Stroke"