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Chapter 1.2 : Classify Network Protocol and Communication, Network Media -…
Chapter 1.2 : Classify Network Protocol and Communication
1.2.1 Explain the purpose of the Cisco IOS
Cisco Internetwork Operating System or Cisco IOS
Provides the following network services:
Basic routing and switching functions
Reliable and secure access to networked resources
Network scalability
Operating system
OS Shell : The OS shell either a command-line interface (CUI) or a graphical user interface (GUI) and enables a user to interface with applications.
OS Kernel : The OS kernel communicates directly with the hardware and manages how hardware resources are used to meet software requirements.
Hardware: The physical part of a computer including underlying electronics.
Router user interface
This environment is accessible through several methods
A console uses a low speed serial connection
A dialup connection using a modem or null modem connected to the router AUX port
Telnet to the router
Using a GUI enables a user to :
Use mouse to make selections and run programs
Enter text and text-based commands
Using a CLI on a Cisco IOS switch or router enables a network technician to :
Use a keyboard to run CLI -based network programs
Use a keyboard to enter text and text-based commands.
There are many distinct variations of Cisco IOS:
IOS for switches ,routers and other Cisco networking devices
IOS numbered versions for a given Cisco networking devices
1.2.4 Explain how devices communicate across network media
Overview of network component
End devices : Desktop computer ,Laptop , Printer ,IP phone, Wireless Tablet ,TelePresence Endpoint
Intermediary Network Devices : Wireless Router ,LAN Switch ,Router, Multilayer Switch and Firewall Appliance
Network media : Copper,Fiber Optic and Wireless
Network Representations
Network Interface Card
End devices ,Intermediary Devices and Network media
Topology Diagrams
Physical Topology
Logical Topology
1.2.3 Describe the command structure of the Cisco IOS software
Basic IOS Command Structure
Cisco IOS device supports many commands
Each IOS command has a specific format or syntax and can only be executed in the appropriate mode.
The general syntax for a command is the command followed by any appropriate keywords and arguments.
Keywords: A specific parameter defined in the operating system
Arguments : not predefined ; a value or variable defined by the user
IOS Command Syntax
Examples :
description string - The command is used to add a description to an interface. The string argument is text entered by the administrator such as descriptions connects to the main headquarter office switch.
ping ip-address- The command is ping and the user-defined argument is the ip-address of the destination device such as in ping 10.10.10.5
IOS Help Features
IOS Context-Sensitive Help :
Context-sensitive help provides a list of commands and the arguments associated with those commands within the context of the current mode .
To access context-sensitive help, enter a question mark ? at any prompt
IOS Command Syntax Check :
The command line interpreter checks an entered command from left to right to determine what action is being requested
If the interpreter understands the command, the requested action is executed and CLI returns to the appropriate prompt
If the interpreter discovers an error , the IOS generally provides feedback such as "Ambiguous command" ,"Incomplete command" or :Incorrect command"
Hot Keys and Shortcuts
Commands and keywords can be shortened to the minimum number of characters that identify a unique selection
Example : Configure command can be shortened to conf because configure is the only command that begins with conf.
1.2.2 Explain how to access a Cisco IOS device for configuration purposes
Access Method
Console part : Out-of-band serial port used primarily for management purposes such as the initial configuration of the router
Secure Shell (SSH) : Inband method for remotely and securely establishing a CLI session over a network.
Telnet : Inband interfaces remotely establishing a CLI session through a virtual interface ,over a network.
Terminal Emulation Program
Popular terminal emulation programs include programs PuTTY, Tera Term ,SecureCRT , and OS X Terminal
Cisco IOS Modes of operation
use a hierarchical command structures
each mode has a distinctive prompt and is used to accomplish particular tasks with a specific set of commands that are available only to that mode.
IOS Modes
User EXEC mode
allows only a limited number of basic monitoring commands
refered as "view only"
does not allow any commands that might change the configuration of the router
identified by the ">" prompt
Privileged EXEC mode
access all router commands
can be configured to require a password from the user before accessing it.
global configuration mode and all other more specific configuration modes can only be reached from the privileged EXEC mode.
identified by the "#" prompt
Global Configuration mode
allows users to modify the running system configuration
enter the command configure terminal from privileged mode
identified by (config)# prompt following the router name
for example: when enter interface configuration submode, the prompt changes to (config-if)# following the router name.
To exit configuration mode, the user can enter end or press Ctrl-Z
Cisco CLI (Command-line Interface)
primary user interface used for configuring, monitoring, and maintaining Cisco devices.
allows to directly and simply execute Cisco IOS commands, whether using router console or terminal or using remote access methods
Configuration Command Modes
Global configuration
Use to configure terminal command to access
Changes made affect the operation of the device
Interface mode - to configure one of the network interfaces
Line mode - to configure the console , AUX ,Telnet or SSH access
Navigate Between IOS Modes
Various commands are used to move in and out of command prompts:
To move from user EXEC mode to privileged EXEC mode, use the enable command
Use return to user EXEC mode , use the disable command
Various methods can be used to exit? quit configuration modes:
exit - used to move from a specific mode to the previous more general mode ,such as from interface mode to global config.
end- can be used to exit out of global configuration mode regardless of which configuration mode you are in
^z - works the same as end
Network Media
What is the cost of the media and installation?
The cost of all impressions, clicks, and activities during the specified date range, based on the schedule and pricing information that was entered for each placement.
In a Cost Per Install campaign, publishers place digital ads across a range of media in an effort to drive installation of the advertised application.
What is the maximum distance that the media can successfully carry a signal ?
185 meters
Into what type of environment will the media be installed ?
Packet Tracer
What is the amount of data and the speed at which it must be transmitted ?
Bandwidth is measured as the amount of data that can be transferred from one point to another within a network in a specific amount of time. Typically, bandwidth is expressed as a bitrate and measured in bits per second (bps).
