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Bone health and diet - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Primarily Type 1 Collagen (flexibility)
      - Osteonectin
      - Osteocalcin
      - Osteopontin
  - - - 99% of the body's calcium resides within the bones
        
        Calcium is also needed for
        
        Neurotransmitter secretion
        
        Normal nerve conduction
        
        Neuromusuclar system and muscle contraction
        
        Certain enzyme mediated reactions
        
        Structural role in organelles and membranes
        
        Blood clotting
      - Calcium management
        
        Skeletal management through growth hormones, sex steroid hormones, thyroxine, corticosteroids, insulin
  - - - Mature bone cell than maintains the matrix
    - - Immature bone cell that secretes components of the matrix
    - - Stem cells whose divisions create osteroblasts
    - - Multinucleated cell that secretes acids and enzymes to dissolve the bone matrix
  - - - Active form of Vit. D
        
        Increases Blood Ca2+
        
        Increases calcium and phosphate absorption in intestines
        
        Increases calcium reabsorption from bone via indirect osteoclast and direct osteoblast stimulation
        
        Decreases urinary excretion of calcium by increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
      - Acts like a steroid hormone
        
        Binds to nuclear receptor protein in target gene tissue and regulates gene expression
      - Roles in cell proliferation and differentiation
      - Used in immune system responses
      - Used in the secretion of insulin, thyroid and parathyroid hormones
    - - Increased Blood Ca2+
        
        Increasing Calcium resorption from bone via indirect osteoclast stimulation
        
        Decreases urinary excretion of calcium by increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
        
        Increases urinary excretion of inorganic phosphate by decreasing resorption by the kidneys
        
        Stimulate Calcitriol production in the kidneys
        
        Regulates the metabolism of vit D.
      - Secretion influenced by serum Ca2+ levels
    - - secretion influenced by serum Ca2+ levels
      - Opposes PTH
      - Decreases Blood CA2+
        
        Inhibiting calcium resorption from bone via direct osteoblast stimulation
        
        Increasing urinary excretion of calcium and inorganic phosphate by limiting resorption by the kidneys
- - - - BMD and BMC increased until around 40 when it decreases
        
        Menopausal Women lose 10 to 15% of bone every ten years due to oestrogen depletion
  - - - Poor diet/ malnutrition
      - Inability to absorb/ metabolise vit. D3
      - Low sunlight exposure
    - - Mothers are a high risk group due to
        
        Low Ca intake
        
        Low sun exposure
        
        Long periods of lactation
- - - - Bone growth
      - Cells of the immune system
      - Brain and nervous system
      - Pancreas
      - Skin
      - Muscles and cartilage
      - Reproductive Systems
      - May protect against TB, gum inflammation , MS and some cancers
    - - UV light reacts with 7-dehydrocholesterol to make pre-vitamin D3
        
        Pre vitamin d3 and vit d form foods combine in the liver and form inactive vit d3 (25(OH)D3
        
        This travels to the kidney in a two-step activation pathway and becomes Active Vit D3 (1,25(OH)D3)
        
        This then enters cells and stimulate the vit D receptor and act as regulator for 100s of genes
    - - Risk factor for osteoporosis and rickets/ osteomalacia
      - Recommended consumption = 10ug/day
      - Found in regions of low sunlight/ seasonal effects
    - - Fatty fish
      - Dairy products
      - Egg yolk
      - Mammalian meat and milk are poor sources
      - Some manufacturers fortify cereals and breads with Vit D3
  - - - Achieving high PBM
    - - Broccoli and spinach
      - Milk
      - Hard Cheese
      - Fortified white flour
    - - Recommended intake varies based on age and gender, and during pregnancy/ lactation
- - - - Correlation between high caffeine intake and low BMD
      - Caffeine may affect bone metabolism through
        
        Calciuresis (urine excretion of Ca)
        
        Altered calcium absorption
        
        Altered sex steroid levels
      - Caffeine intake should be limited
        
        However it is also affected by these factors
        
        Genotype
        
        Gender
        
        Age
        
        Calcium intake
    - - Mildly caffeinated but may be beneficial to bone health due to presence of polyphenols
    - - Skeleton is 1/3 protein
      - Excessive dietary protein causes Ca excretion in urine
    - - Onions
        
        Addition of onion to diet of mice reduced bone resorption
      - Hespertin
        
        Algycone of hesperdin
        
        Flavonoids found in orange peels
        
        May prevent femoral bone loss
        
        Reduce number of osteoclasts
        
        Increased Ca content of bones
      - Soy
        
        Isoflavones may benefit postmenopausal women
      - Consumption of fruit and vegetables has been linked to high BMD
  - - - Low body weight increases the risk of osteoporotic fractures
    - - Bones lose structural strength due to inactivity
    - - Decreased Ca absorption in the gut
    - - Influences on PTH, Vit D metabolism and osteoblast proliferation
    - - benefits to BMD possible overshadowed by other effects
  - - - Effect on PBM as well as activity of osteoclast cells
    - - Osteoporosis risk higher in white people
      - African populations have higher BMD than asian populations
      - Fair skin requires less sun exposure for vit D opposed to darker skin tones