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pollution - Coggle Diagram
pollution
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endocrine disruptors
"an exogenous agent that interferes with synthesis, secretion, transport, binding and action or elimination of natural hormones in the body which are essential for maintenance of homeostasis, reproduction, development and/or behaviour"
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common EDCs
Bisphenols (BPA, BPF, BPS)
plastic bottles and containers, food can linings, epoxy resins, till receipts
few studies on replacers - BPF, BPS. Mainlty oestrogenic actions
Parabens
preservatives, antimicrobial agents, cosmetics, suncream
similar structure to bisphenols, 5 fold higher in women. Mainly oestrogenic actions
Pthalates (MEHP, DEHP)
Soft toys, flooring, medical equipment, personal care, food packaging
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pesticides, herbicides, insecticides
organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, atrazine
often chemical mixtures - oestrogenic, antioestrogenic, androgenic, antiandrogenic actions
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efffects of different life stages, fertility, fecundity
mating, repro and fertility
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immunological, decreased stress response
gametes, fetal, multi and transgenerational effects
gametes, pre-implantation embryo research
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Atrazine
what is it
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research in cattle, mice, dunnarts and wallabies
in aus max = 20ppb in human water, in US 3ppb, in EU banned
evidence that it interferes with growth, development and reproduction
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environmental atrazine levels negatively affect embryo characteristics that affect both the current and future gens
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current knowledge
Routes of exposure
occupational, agricultural, service + commercial industries
ingestion (food, water, cosmetics)
absorption (skin, cosmetics)
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controversial
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hard to show direct effect, background contamination
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pathways of action
- Oestrogenic - BPA, DES, Methoxychlor
- Androgenic - DDE, Vinclozolin
target organs + tissues
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ovarian function (PCOS, endometriosis, cancer)
testis and penis (hypospadias, cancer)
pregnancy (fetal growth, preterm and still birth)
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PFAS
What is it?
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'forever chemicals', 100 years half life, bioaccumulate
Lord Howe Island
pristine enviro, declining due to habitat loss, solid waste pollution
increase in heavy metals, plastic found in 90% of fledging birds + PFAS?
50 PFAS detected, relatively high levels, PFTrDA +ve correlated with body mass
no correlation with PFAS and plastic in stomach, but young birds
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albert park black swans
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biomagnification - food and environment, maternal transfer in egg
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lake highly polluted (> aus guidelines), swans had high levels, novel PFAS detected
first study of PFAS is swans, shows bioaccumulation
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