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Food resources - Coggle Diagram

- - - - stability of food supply
        
        Having a stable food supply is when there is safe and nutritious food is available to people at all times
        
        Ways to achieve adequate food supply (government action).
        
        increasing food production
        
        improving technology increases crop yield
        
        increasing the use of agricultural land by opening new areas for agriculture
        
        increasing food imports
        
        DCs can do this easier than LDCs
        
        Singapore relies on 90% food imports
        
        Jamaica was not able to import food after the hurricane disaster in 2004 as it was too expensive
        
        threats to food stability (mainly affect LDCs)
        
        civil war
        
        Food stock not replenished
        
        food stocks were rapidly being depleted and were not replenished Libya in April 2011 during the civil war
        
        safety concerns restricted people from venturing out to find/ buy food
        
        areas with heavy fighting reported food and water shortages
        
        natural disasters
        
        Drought, flood
        
        Damaged crops
        
        There was food shortage in Zimbabwe in 2008 after a severe drought
        
        extremely low rainfall destroyed most of the corn harvest
        
        worst affected areas were the rural and neglected regions of the country
        
        outbreak of diseases
        
        not enough food due to shortage from the source
        
        Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) - mad cow disease
        
        outbreak in the late 1990s in europe and then again in 2005 in the usa and canada
        
        led to decrease in demand for beef
      - food safety (mainly affects DCs)
        
        System that provides guidelines, and ensures proper handling, preparation, transportation and storage of food that prevents foodborne diseases.
        
        Singapore Food Agency in SG
        
        Singapore restricted seafood imports from japan for many months after the disaster to ensure the safety of consumers in singapore
        
        Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in USA
        
        crucial to ensure food is safe for consumption
        
        in fukushima, the tsunami triggered by the 2011 earthquake damaged nuclear plants
        
        radiation from the release of radioactive materials contaminated the farmland and water resources
    - - food preferences
        
        due to health concerns, moral principles (religious reasons), income and the environment
        
        Fast food
        
        convenience and affordable pricing
        
        comfortable dining experience
        
        globalisation made it possible for fast food chains to set up restaurants in many LDCs like India
        
        india opened up its economy to foreign investors in 1991
        
        fast food chains from usa like pizza hut dimono's pizza mcdonalds
        
        more people may choose to patronise these outlets rather than local food stalls
        
        people are becoming increasingly aware of the harmful effects on human health (processed food; large amounts of oil; chemicals)
        
        religious dietary restrictions
        
        Islam: halal foods
        
        Buddhism/ Hinduism: vegetarian diet/ consumption of very little meat (they believing in not harming animals)
        
        Judaism: kosher foods
        
        organic food
        
        refers to food grown without the use of artificial inputs like chemical fertilisers/ growth hormones
        
        more people choose it due to perceived health benefits
        
        shift towards organically grown fruits and vegetables in DCs
        
        2011 survey in USA revealed that 58% of the population prefer to eat organic food to non organic food
        
        in asia, a 2009 report stated tat the demand for organic food had grown 20% percentage every year
        
        Fertilisers
        
        Organic: use organic fertilisers like compost or manure which are slow releasing and help retain soil moisture
        Non-organic: use chemical fertilisers which are able to provide specific quantities of nutrients needed for plant growth such as nitrogen or potassium
        
        Crop yield
        
        Organic: smaller crop yield as farmers do not use growth hormones or chemicals
        Non-organic: uses of chemicals tend to result in a larger crop yield
        
        Labour
        
        Organic: requires more labour to manage the farm as more workers are hired for tasks like handweeding (needed as no pesticides or herbicides are used)
        Non-organic: use of chemicals such as herbicides reduce dependence on human labour (growth of unwanted plants is controlled so less labour is needed to remove them)
        
        Cost
        
        Organic: more expensive due to higher costs of production (hiring more labour; obtaining organic certification)
        Non-organic: cheaper due to lower cost of production
        
        health
        
        Organic: perceived to be healthier as no chemicals are used
        Non-organic: perceived to be less healthy due to use of chemicals which may remain on the food produce after harvest
      - population growth
        
        set to increase to 7 bil in 2012 to 10bil in 2050
        
        population growth rates higher in LDCs due to lack of family planning and need for farm labour
        
        results in an increasing demand for food in LDCs
        
        Food production required (2012-2050)
        
        overall 70% increase
        
        annual cereal production: 2.1 bil tonnes to 3.1 bil tonnes
        
        annual meat production: 470mil tonnes to 670mil tonnes
    - - pricing
        
        global food crisis
        
        LDCs
        
        pushed 100mil more ppl worldwide into chronic hunger
        
        sparked food riots and street protests
        
        attempts by governments to control food prices
        
        sharp rise in food prices resulted in many ppl in LDCs being unable to afford staple food (price of cereal rose by 300%)
        
        LDCs generally more affected due to lower disposable income (people have to spend a larger part of their income on food)
        
        DCs
        
        effects not as dramatic
        
        prices increase
        
        a dozen eggs increased by 38%
        
        a loaf of bread by 12%
        
        people select less expensive options/ buy less to save money
      - disposable income
        
        Refers to amount of income after taxes have been paid
        
        Increasing on a global scale
        
        resulted in higher consumptions of certain food groups across the world
        
        more financial ability to consume a larger amount and variety of food (more meat less cereals)
        
        examples
        
        LDCs
        
        for every US$1 increase in income, 60% of the increased income is spent on food
        
        Democratic Republic of Congo
        
        DCs
        
        for every US$1 increase in income, only 20% of the increased income is spent on food
        
        New Zealand, France, USA
        
        Taiwan
        
        from 1959 to 1991, taiwan experienced high economic growth and income per capita surged to a level similar to that of a DC. During that time, rice consumption per capita declined by half, meat consumption increased four times, fruit consumption increased five times fish consumption doubled
        
        Higher in DCs
        
        quality of diets tend to increase (people can afford food that have health benefits and are generally more expensive
    - - overconsumption of food
        
        social
        
        food wastage
        
        each year, DCs waste almost as much food as the entire amount of food available in Sub-Saharan Africa for local consumption (230mil tonnes)
        
        amount of wasted food per capita is 95-115kg in DCs
        
        amount of wasted food per capita is 6-11kg in LDCs
        
        both producers and consumers throw away food that is still edible
        
        contributes to additional waste that must be disposed of which puts more strain on landfills
        
        resources such as water and oil used to produce that food are wasted as well
        
        dieting
        
        ppl may become overweight due to excessive food consumption
        
        diet in order to lose weight
        
        practice of regulating amount of food consumed and engage in physical exercise in order to maintain an ideal body weight
        
        provides employment (in the health sector) and value to the economy
        
        weight loss industry in usa was valued at US$20bil (incl diet books, medication and medical procedures for losing weight)
        
        has to be done in a healthy manner
        
        inappropriate dieting may lead to depression and dieting-related physical illness such as iron deficiency anaemia
        
        economic
        
        lower productivity
        
        health impacts resulted in more workers being absent from work and taking more days of leave
        
        lower productivity leads to lower income
        
        among the employees of Duke university in USA, those with a BMI of over 40 were twice as likely to fall sick or be injured while doing work, resulting in higher compensation claims paid by the university to them
        
        diversion of financial resources to health care
        
        public health expenditure increases a result of treating obesity-related health conditions like cardiovascular disease and diabetes
        
        when more people suffer from such illnesses, the government needs to channel more funds to the healthcare system
        
        reduce amount of funds for remaining economic development and overall progress of the country can decline
        
        health
        
        obesity and related illnesses
        
        condition of having excessive fat accumulation due to over-consumption of nutrients
        
        adverse effects on health
        
        eg high bp, coronary heart diseases, diabetes and certain cancers
        
        reduced lifespan by 9 yrs on average
        
        other illnesses (kidney failure, liver diseases, hypertension) can be caused by excessive consumption of sugar, salt, alcohol, processed food and red meat etc
        
        more common in DCs
        
        higher disposable income and stronger purchasing power leading to higher caloric intake
        
        higher consumption of sweetened beverages, potato chips and fast food
        
        increasing in DCs
        
        obesity rates in the usa rose from 14.5% in 1971 to 30.9% in 2000
        
        also increasing in LDCs due to increasing disposable income
        
        in some LDCs like Mexico and South Africa, obesity rates have already exceeded the average obesity rates for some DCs
      - inadequate food consumption
        
        health
        
        malnutrition
        
        condition in which the body does not get sufficient or balanced amount of nutrients to maintain healthy tissues and organ functions.
        
        Leads to death or long-term development issues
        
        infancy
        
        due to inadequate foetal nourishment
        
        childhood
        
        may suffer from impaired development
        
        and may fall sick more frequently (weaker immune system)
        
        adolescence
        
        may impair development in adolescence (puberty)
        
        may lead to the loss of schools days and educational opportunities
        
        adulthood
        
        a malnourished person may but less productive at work
        
        low weight gain in pregnancy and reduced capacity to care for their children
        
        every year, thousands of elderly people in the usa die due to malnutrition as they ate too little due to their difficulty in digesting or chewing food
        
        52.5% of all deaths in children under 5 were caused by malnutrition (associated with malaria, diarrhoea, pneumonia and measles)
        
        each year, 5mil children under 5 die in LDCs due to malnutrition
        
        people with eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and bulimia may also develop malnutrition as a result of ingesting too little food
        
        LDCs more affected than DCs
        
        of the 148mil underweight children in the world, 78mil are in south asia and 36mil are in africa
        
        16% of ppl in LDCs are malnourished
        
        measured by a person's weight in consideration to their height, gender and age
        
        symptoms and consequences of insufficient consumption of certain nutrients
        
        vitamin a
        
        may lead to visual impairment and blindness
        
        1 more item...
        
        may lead to diarrhoeal diseases and measles
        
        1 more item...
        
        may lead to loss in educational opportunities and lower earning power in the future
        
        calcium and vitamin d
        
        osteoporosis (bones become less dense and fragile, thus increases chances of being fractured or broken)
        
        may lead to loss of work days and productivity
        
        1 more item...
        
        starvation
        
        State of extreme hunger from a severe lack of food
        
        extreme form of malnutrition
        
        Person becomes emaciated, organs could be permanently damaged which may eventually lead to death
        
        more common in LDCs
        
        more ppl living in poverty
        
        lack/ absence of resources to recover from natural disasters
        
        unstable political situation (wars, rebellions)
        
        in Mali in 2012, 5mil ppl were threatened to starvation due to poor harvest and civil rebellion
        
        98% of ppl facing starvation are found in LDCs
        
        over 60% found in asia alone
        
        political
        
        social unrest
        
        A political situation in which people protest of behave violently to communicate their unhappiness about a political system.
        
        Food riots
        
        In 2010, food prices in Mozambique increased by 30% due to a drought in Russia that decreased wheat production which increased the price of wheat sold to the country
        
        resulted in violent protests, leaving 400 ppl injured and at least 10 dead
        
        economic
        
        lower productivity
        
        Productivity is the rate at which goods and services are produced.
        
        Insufficient food means workers consume imbalanced amount of nutrients so they fall sick more often and are hence less productive
        
        Lower productivity leads to lower income and affects ppl's source of livelihood
        
        diversion of financial resources to healthcare
        
        public health expenditure increases when the demand for healthcare increases as more ppl fall sick which increases the overall cost of healthcare
        
        For LDCs, more spending on healthcare means less spending on other areas such as education, housing and transportation etc which slows down economic development and growth
        
        long term debt due to food and financial aid
        
        Aid given to LDCs to help cope with shortage
        additional financial burden for countries as tied aid which increases national debt
        
        although USA contributes about half of all global aid, most of the foodmust be bought from their suppliers and transported by their ships food supplied as aid is up to 34% more expensive than if purchased locally
        
        LDCs incurred losses amounting to between US$5-7bil
        
        Zambia is one of the Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) with a debt stock of US$7 billion despite already having paid over US$11 billion in debt service fees
        
        social
        
        scavanging
        
        Searching through things that are thrown away by others (eat whatever they can find to prevent starvation)
        
        risks associated
        
        Health risks due to high levels of bacteria and chemicals
        
        Danger of trespassing
        
        Societal perception of being a nuisance (they're sometimes physically and verbally harrassed)
        
        Smokey Mountain in Manila, Philippines is a landfill on which many poor families set up their makeshift homes to have easy and quick access to waste
  - - - 70% of calorie intake
    - - 30% of calorie intake
  - - - increased due to rise in income
      - eg china and india
    - - increased due to increasing awareness of heath benefits
      - vegetable consumption in the USA increased by 13% from 1976 to 2009
  - - - meat consumption in LDCs have risen due to rising incomes
    - - People start to consume less red meat as it has been linked to health problems
  - - - Crop based food products comprise approx 40% in LDCs and only 13% in DCs
- - - - DCs
        
        UK
        
        Meat: 84.2
        
        Vegetables: 89.4
        
        Cereals: 114.7
        
        USA
        
        Cereals: 108.2
        
        Meat: 120
        
        Vegetables: 122.9
        
        Norway
        
        Meat: 66
        
        Vegetables:
        
        Cereals: 125
      - LDCs
        
        Peru
        
        Cereals: 127.9
        
        Meat: 20.8
        
        Vegetables: 56.2
        
        Philippines
        
        Cereals: 153
        
        Meat: 33.6
        
        Vegetables: 62.2
        
        Nigeria
        
        Meat: 8.8
        
        Vegetables: 52.2
        
        Cereals: 142.6
    - - Higher in DCs than LDCs due to higher overall food consumption
  - - - DCs: 15.9%
      - LDCs: 84.1%
- - - - it is measured by the number of different industries which open up jobs for people the number of people employed out of the entire population
      - measured by employment opportunity index
      - examples
        
        High (DCs)
        
        Singapore - 82.56
        
        Hong Kong - 80.73
        
        Low (LDCs)
        
        Cambodia - 0.3
        
        Qatar - 0.6
      - how it affects food consumption patterns
        
        more job opportunities would allow more people to get jobs (stable income) and increased overall affluence so the people’s spending power increases, making them more inclined to spend money on food. Therefore, the overall food consumption would be high
    - - how it affects food consumption patterns
        
        An increase in GDP allows for more resources to be spent on industries that manufacture foods
        
        As people become richer, expenditure on items are almost always higher.
      - Examples
        
        Low GDP (LDCs)
        
        Afghanistan- USD 499.44
        
        Madagascar- USD 514.85
        
        High GDP (DCs)
        
        Switzerland- USD 81,867.46
        
        Luxembourg- USD 109,602.32
      - GDP can be calculated by adding up all of the money made by the people in the country, then divide that value by the total number of people (expressed in the standard unit of currency in international markets, USD)
  - - - assessment about inequalities between men's and women's opportunities in a country.
        
        determined using proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments, percentage of women in economic decision making positions and female share of income
    - - the average period that a person may expect to live in a nation
      - examples
        
        High (DCs)
        
        Hong Kong - 84.7 years
        
        Japan - 84.5 years
        
        Low (LDCs)
        
        Central African Republic - 52.8 years
        
        Lesotho - 53.7 years
      - how it affects food consumption patterns
        
        When life expectancy is longer, people will need
        more food throughout their lives.
        
        The longer people live, the longer they can work in the food manufactoring industry to produce food.
    - - measured by the percentage of the population of a given age group that can read
        and write
      - examples
        
        High (DCs)
        
        North Korea(100%)
        
        Latvia(99.8%)
        
        Low (LDCs)
        
        South Sudan(27%)
        
        Afghanistan (28.1%)
      - how it affects food consumption patterns
        
        countries with a higher literacy rate will have more professionals who can contribute their skills and expertise in driving the country’s economy, leads to country being more developed and increasing their food consumption
- - - - number of workers/ land area (hectares) = labour per unit area
      - less labour is used to produce the same amount of crops, there's an increase in farm productivity
    - - amount of crops produced (tonnes)/ land area (hectares) = crop yield
      - more crops are produced with the same amount of land and labour