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Modernism - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, known as Le Corbusier, was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now regarded as modern architecture. He was born in Switzerland and became a French citizen in 1930.
    - - Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was a German-born American architect. He was commonly referred to as Mies, his surname. Along with Alvar Aalto, Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius and Frank Lloyd Wright, he is regarded as one of the pioneers of modernist architecture.
    - - Bruno Julius Florian Taut was a renowned German architect, urban planner and author. He was active during the Weimar period and is known for his theoretical works as well as his building designs.
    - - Walter Adolph Georg Gropius was a German architect and founder of the Bauhaus School, who, along with Alvar Aalto, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright, is widely regarded as one of the pioneering masters of modernist architecture. He is a founder of Bauhaus in Weimar.
    - - Konstantin Stepanovich Melnikov was a Russian architect and painter. His architectural work, compressed into a single decade, placed Melnikov on the front end of 1920s avant-garde architecture.
    - - Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto was a Finnish architect and designer. His work includes architecture, furniture, textiles and glassware, as well as sculptures and paintings. He never regarded himself as an artist, seeing painting and sculpture as "branches of the tree whose trunk is architecture."
    - - Jacobus Johannes Pieter Oud, commonly called J. J. P. Oud was a Dutch architect. His fame began as a follower of the De Stijl movement.
    - - Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect, designer, writer, and educator. He designed more than 1,000 structures over a creative period of 70 years. Wright believed in designing in harmony with humanity and the environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture.
    - - Erich Mendelsohn was a German architect, known for his expressionist architecture in the 1920s, as well as for developing a dynamic functionalism in his projects for department stores and cinemas. Mendelsohn is a pioneer of the Art Deco and Streamline Moderne architecture, notably with his 1921 Mossehaus design
    - - Auguste Perret was a French architect and a pioneer of the architectural use of reinforced concrete.
    - - Peter Behrens was a leading German architect and industrial designer, best known for his early pioneering AEG Turbine Hall in Berlin in 1909. He had a long career, designing objects, typefaces, and important buildings in a range of styles from the 1900s to the 1930s
  - - - Otto Wagner (1841-1918)
      - H P Berlage (1854-1934)
      - Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959)
      - Peter Behrens (1868-1940)
      - Auguste Perret (1874-1954)
      - Adolf Loos (1870-1933)
    - - Walter Gropius (1883-1969)
      - Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969)
      - Erich Mendelsohn (1887-1954)
      - Le Corbusier (1887-1965)
      - ((Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959))
  - - - AEG Turbine Factory,
        Berlin, 1909
    - - Winslow House (see Youtube 26:07)
    - - Walter Gropius, House at Dramburg, Pomerania, 1911
    - - Ludwig Mies, Riehl House, Potsdam, 1907
  - - - Le Corbusier, Vers une Architecture, 1923, (Towards
        a New Architecture, 1927)
- - - - was an artist, a pattern designer -> his vision off the future) (book)
        The future is not industrial (going back to nature and hand craft) moving away from mass production
      - The Green Dining Room, South Kensington Museum (V & A)
        Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co., 1867
    - - made early electric light fittings. He was a master of the art workers skills which was set up as a club where architects could meet people doing other things so they could create great works together. He trained as an architect but he realised this was not of him.
    - - ‘Rational Dress’ and ‘Artistic
        Dress’
    - - He used pre cut fittings:
    - - , Glasgow School of Art, 1895 (mixture of elements)
      - he simplified Arts and Crafts movement and less
        obsessed with the ‘right making’ of everything. Again an example of the total work of art of the movement:
      - Charles Rennie Mackintosh to Josef Hoffman, Vienna,
        1902
      - If there was a true representative of ‘Art Nouveau’ (New Art) in the British Isles, it was Mackintosh.
- - - - Viollet-de-Duc, ‘Covered Market Hall’, from Entretiens sur
        l’Architecture (Discourses on Architeccture) second series, 1872
      - provided ideas that were developed in the Art Nouveau period with more freedom of design than he could achieve.
    - - Art Nouveau was popular in Belgium. Here we see the use of thin metal construction combined with glass. The forms like plant tendrils with the ‘whiplash curve’ are typical of Art Nouveau
      - wiplash curve which is very characteristic of the movement.
    - - Guimard pursed the style to extremes of fantasy, with
        biological forms in metalwork.
      - Guimard is most famous for these kit-of-parts subway stations in Paris, built at the time that the Paris Metro was inaugurated in the year of a big international exhibition.
    - - Gothic Revival architect and developed original forms
        based on structures and natural forms.
      - Gaudi was a figure within the movement of Modernisme in Barcelona, which tried to express a national character in Catalonia. Its members makers.
    - - Majolikahaus, Linke Wienzeile, Vienna,
        1898
        
        he began to experiment, as in this decorative tiled façade of an otherwise plain apartment building on a busy street.
      - Karlsplatz Station on Vienna Stadtbahn, 1894-1900
    - - Gustav Klimt, Beethoven Frieze, 1902
      - The Secession was created by a group of artsts who were rejected by the official academy exhibition. Their work aroused controversy, especially for Klimt’s portrayals of sexual desire. This was also the time when Sigmund Freud, in the same city, was investigating the hidden erotic drives of the subconscious.
  - - - Edgar Chambless,
        Road Town, 1910
      - Ebenezer Howard, ‘The Three Magnets’ from The Peaceful Path to Real Reform (Garden Cities of Tomorrow), 1898, suggesting a new type of controlled development
- - - - Louis Sullivan appeared in the first lecture as someone who could turn the potential of the steel frame into fine architecture. This quote helps us to understand how Sullivan was both practical and mystical, modern and bound to history
      - Louis Sullivan, ‘The Tall Building
        Artistically Considered‘, 1896
      - Louis Sullivan, Guaranty Building,
        Buffalo, NY, 1894
      - He was a deep thinking -> trying to solve the problem of trying to reconcile of what is good in the past to what was possible in the present.
      - He uses this building to inspise what he could do.
        The steel frame, here this building was one he admire and he sees the potential of what he can do. He take this grandeur simplicity, good proportions that is essentially classical but not in a literal way.
      - His own feeling for nature created a fusion of the old and the new with the discipline of the steel frame
      - Buildings must carry the idea of nature. This idea was unfortunately lost after this. but perhaps it is something that we must bring back.
    - - Peter Behrens was a leading German architect and industrial designer, best known for his early pioneering AEG Turbine Hall in Berlin in 1909
      - Ernst Ludwig Haus (exhibition building) for an expressionist painter
    - - Auguste Perret was a French architect and a pioneer of the architectural use of reinforced concrete.
    - - Adolf Franz Karl Viktor Maria Loos was an Austrian architect and influential European theorist of modern architecture
- - - - Leading exponent of structural rationalism and gothic revival -> links to primitive hut
      - Concert Hall 1866 (Gothic and iron)
      - ( See New Art movement) Viollet-le-Duc provided ideas that were developed in the Art Nouveau period with more freedom of design than he could achieve.)
    - - The Crystal Palace (1851)
    - - 7 Lamps of architecture
      - Mentor of William Morris ( See Arts and crafts )
    - - 1750-1800 ‘Neo-Classicism’, Rationalism, Enlightenment,
      - Revolution, Picturesque, Romanticism – reason and emotion
      - Industrial Revolution in Britain – steam power
      - 1800-1850
        
        Eclecticism, ‘In What Style should we build?’
        -> Railways, iron, religious revival
        ->Industrial revolution begins to spread in northern Europe
      - 1839 -> Invention of photography
      - 1841 -> declaration that French railway system should connect Paris to all borders
      - 1848 Marxism -> Communist manifesto
    - - I. K. Brunel -> Paddington Station – I. K. Brunel and M. D. Wyatt,
        1854.
      - role of architect questioned
      - engineer being to play a major part -> symbolic of the architecture being pushed into a smaller role -> no longer the master of structure but now more focused on the ornamentation and detail.
    - - Sir Henry Bessemer (1813-1898)
      - Taller buildingd
      - Skyscraper
        
        William le Baron Jenney, Home Insurance Building, Chicago, 1885 – all steel frame
        
        The Artist of the
        Skyscraper
        
        Louis Sullivan(1856 -1924)
        
        Adler & Sullivan, Wainwright
        Building, St Louis, MI, 1891
    - - François Hennebique (1842-1921)
        
        Construction of a concrete wall from François-Martin Lebrun, Traité pratique de l’art de bâtir en beton, 1843 (Practical Treatise on the art of building in Concrete)
        
        F. Hennebique, Apartment building, rue Lakanal and rue Victor
        Hugo, Paris, 1903
      - Anatole de Baudot, St. Jean de Montmartre, Paris, 1894-1904
        Built using early reinforced concrete (Cottancin system)
      - Auguste Perret 25bis rue Franklin, Paris, 1907 Reinforced concrete frame and cladding
    - - beginning of city planning (Christopher Wren comes before)
      - Links with city planning (He is context)
  - - - Owen Jones (1771-1858)
        
        Concerned about the condition of the urban poor. Opened the first nursery school in Britain in 1817.
      - Charles Fourier (1772-
        1837)
        
        invented the Phalanstère (literally, a combination of a monastery and a ‘phalanx’ or military unit.) It was not built at the time
      - Small Scale solutions
        
        ‘It was only the appearance of epidemics, and particularly of cholera in 1832, which spread with great rapidity and scourged the population without consideration of rank, class or locality (although it was more virulent in the more highly populated areas of the towns) that really brought home the enormity of the problem which already existed, and which was still growing as the towns continued to expand. Yet it had existed for long enough, and had only been ignored because it had not manifested any dangerous symptoms. .. Few [middle and upper class people] probably had any first -hand knowledge of the conditions under which their workpeople lived. …’ John Tarn, Working -class Housing in 19th - century Britain, 1971
    - - ‘Every great city has one or more slums, where the working-class is crowded together. True, poverty often dwells in hidden alleys close to the palaces of the rich; but, in general, a separate territory has been assigned to it, where, removed from the sight of the happier classes, it may struggle along as it can. These slums are pretty equally arranged in all the great towns of England, the worst houses in the worst quarters of the towns; usually one- or two-storied cottages in long rows, perhaps with cellars used as dwellings, almost always irregularly built. These houses of three or four rooms and a kitchens form, throughout England, some parts of London excepted, the general dwellings of the working-class.’
        
        Frederick Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England, Leipzig, 1845 (translated in English 1883
    - - Early social housing – Philanthropic/ slum clearance: Henry Roberts Model Houses for Families in Streatham Street, Bloomsbury, 1850, Built by Metropolitan Association for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrious Classes (founded 1841)
      - State and Municipal involvement
        
        London County Council Totterdown Fields Estate, Tooting, 1905 The first municipal suburban estate. It was easier to acquire land on the edge of built-up London and housing densities could be reduced, as compared to the inner London estates. Although further out from the centre, there was a cheap electric tram service, also run by the LCC. The plain appearance of these houses, designed by architects, set them apart from earlier philanthropic housing and from the work of buiderdevelopers.