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CHAPTER 11: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram
CHAPTER 11: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiratory System
INTERNAL GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS BETWEEN BLOOD AND TISSUES
AIR ENTERS THROUGH NOSE, PAST SINUS CAVITIES
EXTERNAL GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS BETWEEN ATMOSPHERE AND BLOOD
WORKS CLOSELY WITH CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TO ACCOMPLISH GAS EXCHANGE
AIR THEN PASSES THROUGH PHARYNX
MAIN FUNCTIONS:
PROVIDE OXYGEN TO CELLS
ELIMINATE CARBON DIOXIDE
PHARYNX DIVIDED INTO THREE REGIONS:
NASOPHARYNX (UPPER)
OROPHARYNX (MIDDLE)
LARYNGOPHARYNX (LOWER)
Lower Respiratory Passageways and Lungs
Trachea is a tube with C-shaped cartilage rings (divides into two primary bronchi)
Bronchial system consists of bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Larynx contains vocal folds (allow speech)
Lungs
Right is larger and has three
Left has two lobes.
Covered by pleura.
Parietal (outer)
Visceral (inner)
Breathing
VENTILATION MADE UP OF:
INSPIRATION
CHEST CAVITY ENLARGES
CHANGE IN PRESSURE CAUSES AIR TO BE PULLED IN
PHRENIC NERVE STIMULATES DIAPHRAGM TO CONTRACT AND FLATTEN
EXPIRATION
LUNGS RETURN TO ORIGINAL SIZE
AIR FORCED OUT
BREATHING MUSCLES RELAX
Gas Transport
Oxygen in blood
Attached to hemoglobin in red blood cells
Released to cells as needed
Carbon dioxide mostly as carbonic acid
Amount formed regulates blood pH
Clinical Aspects of Respiration
Conditions directly affecting respiratory system:
Allergy
Aspiration
Injury
Cancer
Infection
Pulmonary function affected by conditions that:
Cause resistance to air flow
Limit proper expansion of chest
Infections
Tuberculosis
Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Symptoms: fever, weight loss, weakness, cough, hemoptysis (sputum with blood)
Influenza (FLU)
Viral disease of respiratory tract
Symptoms: chills, fever, headaches and muscular aches
Pneumonia
Types: bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia
Leading cause of death in debilitated patients
Caused by several different microorganisms
Common cold
Types: rhinovirus, adenovirus
Emphysema
Causes:
Exposure to cigarette smoke or pollution
Chronic infection
Classified under chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD):
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
Overexpansion and destruction of alveoli
Asthma
Main factor: irritation caused by allergy.
Symptom of wheezing (jadeo) indicated by:
Constriction of bronchial tubes
Edema of bronchial linings
Accumulation of mucus
Narrowing of bronchial tubes
Extreme “attacks” may result in:
Cyanosis
Dyspnea
Lung Cancer
Cannot be detected early; metastasizes rapidly
Overall survival rate is low
Cigarette smoking is major factor
Diagnosed by:
Sputum examination
Bronchoscopy
CT scans
Radiographic studies (xrays)
Leading cause of cancer related deaths in men and women
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Results from lack of surfactant in lungs
Involves edema that can cause respiratory failure
Occurs in premature infants
Acute respiratory distress syndrome may result from:
Trauma
Allergic reactions
Infection
Other causes
Pleura Disorders
Accumulation of substances between layers of pleura lead to other conditions:
Hemothorax
Empyema
Hydrothorax
Pneumothorax
Diagnosis of Respiratory Disorders
Methods for diagnosing respiratory disorders:
MRI scans
Lung scans
CT scans
Bronchoscopy
Tests of pleural fluid removed by thoracentesis
Radiographs
Examination of arterial blood gases
Pulse oximetry