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malaria (a-level geography case study) - Coggle Diagram
malaria (a-level geography case study)
what is malaria?
caused by parasites infecting red blood cells
symptoms like fever, headaches + vomiting
transmitted by mosquitoes
deadly if not treated quickly enough
tropical vector-borne disease
complications like kidney failure also common
particularly dangerous for under 5s
environmental factors
mosquitoes need relatively high humidity levels
temperatures must be 16-32°c for parasite to develop
mosquitoes breed on bodies of stagnant water
forested areas also susceptible
high density of animals means mosquitoes can feed
high humidity due to evapotranspiration
coastal areas can be especially susceptible
low altitude can mean high temperatures
high humidity due to evaporation from the sea
global distribution
6th biggest killer in low income countries
229 million cases and 409,000 deaths in 2019
mainly concentrated in tropic and subtropics
94% of both were in africa
3.4 billion people in 106 countries at risk
socio-economic factors
housing
living nearer a doctor means more likely to check symptoms
rural areas and slums more at risk than cities etc.
poorly fitted windows/doors allow mosquitoes inside
income
richer people less at risk
can afford healthcare if they do get it
better nourished so less vulnerable
can afford mosquito nets/insect repellent etc.
usually also end up better off in other categories listed
58% of the burden is in poorest 20% of population
education
more educated people less at risk
less likely to have an outside job (less exposure)
more likely to understand causes and take preventative action
more likely to be wealthy
impacts
economic
to individuals
missing days of school reduces chances of well-paid job
cost of travel to treatment centres
loss of pay due to days off work
cost of funerals etc. for dead relatives
cost of treatment + preventative measures
to governments
cost of treatment + preventative measures
cost of maintaining and staffing health facilities
accounts for 40% of public health spending in some places
lost days of work means less tax + less multiplier effect
costs africa $12 billion per year in lost productivity
social
causes low birth weights in pregnancy so higher infant mortality
each child misses avg. 1.5 days of school per month in cameroon
causes 1/6 childhood deaths in africa
reduction
algeria
well trained health workers
diagnoses and treatment provided for free
upper-middle income country
rapid responses to any outbreaks
declared malaria free by who in 2019
treatment
faster treatment means greater chances of survival
anti-malarial drugs (e.g. quinine) can be used as treatment
rapid diagnostic testing kits quickly identify cases (don't need electricity)
prevention
research is being done to find a vaccine
reducing poverty will allow people to protect themselves better
insecticide-treated mosquito nets can reduce cases by 90%
better education allows people to protect themselves
burning mosquito coils can repel them (pollution bad for humans)