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SPINAL CORD CONDITIONS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - An X-ray will be ordered to identify the type and location of your fracture. Some fractures, such as stress fractures, may not show up on an X-ray. In such cases, Computed Tomography (CT) scans or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans may be used to take a more detailed look at your bones. X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans are painless procedures.
    - - Support fracture site with pillows or folded blankets. Maintain a neutral position of affected part with sandbags, splints, trochanter roll, footboard to prevents unnecessary movement and disruption of alignment. Proper placement of pillows also can prevent pressure deformities in the drying cast.
      - Administer alendronate (Fosamax) as indicated. Acts as a specific inhibitor of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, allowing the bone formation to progress at a higher ratio, promoting healing of fractures and decreasing rate of bone turnover in the presence of osteoporosis.
      - Secure a bed board under the mattress or place patient on the orthopedic bed -A soft or sagging mattress may deform a wet (green) plaster cast, crack a dry cast, or interfere with the pull of traction.
      - Review follow-up and serial X-rays. Provides visual evidence of proper alignment or beginning callus formation and healing process to determine the level of activity and need for changes in or additional therapy.
      - Maintain bed rest or limb rest as indicated. Provide support of joints above and below fracture site, especially when moving and turning to provides stability, reducing the possibility of disturbing alignment and muscle spasms, which enhances healing.
      - Assist with placement of lifts under bed wheels if indicated. Helps maintain proper patient position and function of traction by providing a counterbalance.
    - - snap or cracking sound may be heard when a bone fractures. You may feel sharp, deep, or intense pain along with numbness or tingling. Your skin may swell, bruise, or bleed.
    - - Vertebroplasty. This procedure is effective for relieving pain from spinal compression fractures and helping to stabilize the fracture.
      - Kyphoplasty: This procedure helps correct the bone deformity and relieves the pain associated with spinal compression fractures
      - back brace provides external support to limit the motion of fractured vertebrae -- much like applying a cast on a broken wrist. The rigid style of a back brace limits spine-related motion significantly, which may help reduce pain.
      - Spinal fusion surgery for spinal compression fractures to eliminate motion between two vertebrae and relieve pain. The procedure connects two or more vertebrae together, holds them in the correct position, and keeps them from moving until they have a chance to grow together, or fuse.
      - Bed rest may help with acute pain, but it can also lead to further bone loss and worsening osteoporosis, which raises your risk for future compression fractures
      - Pain management may include analgesic pain medicines eg acetaminophen and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) -- are recommended. Narcotic pain medications and muscle relaxants are often prescribed for short periods of time, since there is risk of addiction. Antidepressants can also help relieve nerve-related pain.
    - - The most frequent causes of fractures are falls and motor vehicle crashes. There is a higher incidence of fractures in some sports that involve prolonged impact, high impact, balance, or high speeds. Stress fractures can result from prolonged impact or repetitive forces. For example, running or jogging can cause stress fractures in the leg, foot, ankle, or hip. High impacts can occur during contact sports, including tackles in football or punches in boxing. Skateboarding, bicycle riding, and snow skiing are sports that involve balance and speed. Fractures can occur during contact with a hard surface, for instance during a fall to the cement while skateboarding or during contact with an object, such as a tree while snow skiing.
    - - Vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) occur when the bony block or vertebral body in the spine collapses, which can lead to severe pain, deformity and loss of height. These fractures more commonly occur in the thoracic spine (the middle portion of the spine), especially in the lower part.
    - - Natural ways to prevent spinal compression fractures include taking calcium supplements, getting more vitamin D, quitting smoking, preventing falls, and doing weight-bearing and strength-building exercises.
    - - Occurs when one or more bones in the spine weaken and crumple.
    - - https://www.aans.org › Patients › Vertebral-Compression
      - https://www.rxlist.com › vertebral compression-fracture
- - - - Spine MRI or Spine CT scan to show areas of pressure on the spinal canal.
      - Myelography to determine location and presence of abnormalities of the spinal cord.
      - X-rays to check for fractures or tumors
      - Electromyogram to determine the exact nerve root that is involved.
    - - Maintain a respiratory rate and rhythm within normal limits.
      - Perform neurologic assessment every 2 hours or as needed
      - Monitor vital signs every 2 hours or as needed.
      - Maintain adequate cerebral perfusion, as evidenced by stable
        vital signs, stable neurologic status, and no decrease in level of consciousness.
      - ensure adequate rest and comfort and provide conjusive environment.
    - - headache, neurologic problems (weakness on one side, difficulty speaking, falling), confusion, seizures
      - Loss of sensation
      - Uncontrolled muscle spasms
      - Back pain
    - - can be treated with pain medications such as acetaminophen (Tylenol).
      - Surgical drainage is a common method of treatment for certain hematomas. Presence of symptoms and location of the hematoma generally dictate what type of procedure is needed and how urgently it needs to be done. For example, a subdural hematoma resulting in symptoms such as headache, weakness, or confusion may require urgent drainage by a neurosurgeon. Conversely, if a subdural hematoma is thought to be symptom-free and chronic, it may be left alone and monitored occasionally by imaging studies (CT scan).
      - Simple therapies at home may be utilized in treating superficial (under the skin) hematomas. Most injuries and bruises can be treated with resting, icing, compression, and elevating the area. This is remembered by the acronym RICE. These measures usually help to reduce inflammation and diminish its symptoms.
    - - caused by an injury to the wall of a blood vessel, prompting blood to seep out of the blood vessel into the surrounding tissues.
      - Acute subdural hematoma, with or without surgical intervention
      - Nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage due to cerebral aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation, or tumor
      - Coagulopathy or medical anticoagulation
      - Damage from inside the spinal cord can be caused by Fluid-filled cavities, Blockage of blood supply, Vitamin deficiency, Autoimmune diseases, Multiple sclerosis
    - - a client must rest and protect the bruised area.
      - Put ice or a cold pack on the area for 10 to 20 minutes at a time.
      - Prop up the bruised area on a pillow when you ice it or anytime you sit or lie down during the next 3 days. Try to keep it above the level of your heart. This will help reduce swelling.
      - Wrapping the bruised area with an elastic bandage such as an Ace wrap will help decrease swelling. Don't wrap it too tightly, as this can cause more swelling below the affected area.
      - If the doctor gave you a prescription medicine for pain, take it as prescribed.
      - Do not take two or more pain medicines at the same time unless the doctor told you to. Many pain medicines have acetaminophen, which is Tylenol. Too much acetaminophen (Tylenol) can be harmful.
    - - The usual mechanism that produces an acute hematoma is a high-speed impact to the skull. This causes brain tissue to accelerate or decelerate relative to the fixed dural structures, tearing blood vessels. Often, the torn blood vessel is a vein that connects the cortical surface of the brain to a dural sinus. In elderly persons, the bridging veins may already be stretched because of brain atrophy. Alternatively, a cortical vessel, either a vein or small artery, can be damaged by direct injury or laceration. An acute subdural hematoma due to a ruptured cortical artery may be associated with only minor head injury, possibly without an associated cerebral contusion. In one study, the ruptured cortical arteries were found to be located around the sylvian fissure.
    - - https://www.medicinenet.com › hematoma › article
      - https://www.healthline.com › health › hematoma-leg
    - - collection of blood outside of blood vessels.