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MISCELLANEOUS EYE CONDITIONS, . - Coggle Diagram
MISCELLANEOUS EYE CONDITIONS
GLAUCOMA
Definition
a condition of the eye that damages the eye optic nerve and can result to blindness.
causes
tumors
diabetes
inflammation
Signs and symptoms
eye pain
blurred vision
reddening of the eye
visual disturbance
gradual loss of peripheral vision
nursing diagnosis
acute pain related pathophysiological process or surgical corrections
Disturbed sensory perception due to damage in the optic nerve as evidenced by loss of vision
Nursing interventions
changing of positions 2 hourly
frequent assessment of the skin and prominences
Implement measures to assist patient to manage visual limitations such as reducing clutter, arranging furniture out of travel path; turning head to view subjects; correcting for dim light and problems of night vision.
Stress the importance of meticulous compliance with prescribed drug therapy
expected outcomes
ability to do things on his or her own
reduction of the problem
understanding the possible complete loss of vision
understand the need to change diet
Client will participate in the therapeutic regimen.
Client will maintain the current visual field/acuity without further loss.
Pathophysiology
Glaucoma is caused by the raised intraocular pressure, the pressure damages the optic nerve. once the nerve is damages it fails to carry visual information to the brain. and this result to loss of vision
CATARACT
definition
clouding of the lens of the eye
Pathophysiology
As the cataract continues to develop, the clouding becomes denser and involves a bigger part of the lens. A cataract scatters and blocks the light as it passes through the lens, preventing a sharply defined image from reaching the retina.
signs and symptoms
clouding of the lens
poor night vision
sensitivity to light
halos around the eye
causes
congenital
aging
trauma
nursing diagnosis
risk for injury
disturbed sensory perception
anxiety
nursing intervention
assess the degree of impairment
adequate lighting
keep the environment safe to prevent injuries
expected outcome
gaining of optimal sight
medical management
lens replacement
intracapsular cataract extraction
HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY
Definition
the condition of the eye where the retina of the eye is affected, the retinopathies are a combination of inflammatory, degenerative and neovascularisation.
Pathophysiology
Retinopathy can be classified into two groups, the hypertensive and diabetic retinopathy.
Severe hypertension creates focal areas of ischemia of the retinal nerve fiber layer, seen as cotton-wool spots. Breakdown of the blood-retina barrier causes exudation of blood as retinal hemorrhages or exudation of lipids as hard exudates. Very severe hypertension can lead to increased intracranial pressure, causing optic nerve ischemia and optic disc swelling
Causes
hypertension caused by weight gain, use of too much salt and lack of physical activity
Signs and symptoms
blurred vision, appearance of dark spots floating in the air, and dark and empty areas in the vision.
microaneurysm
macular oedema
Nursing diagnosis
poor vision due to macular oedema as evidenced by reported dark and empty spaces in the vision
Nursing management
vasodilators, alpha blockers and anti hypertensive drugs
Nursing intervention
assess the patient's ability to see and to do things
provide night light in the patients room and make sure the lighting is adequate
encourage the patient to see an ophthalmologist yearly
expected outcomes
patient will gain the optimal sight
maintaining of safe environment with no injuries noted
dealing with potential permanent visual loss
REFERENCES
• Chauke, M., Mogotlane, S., Mokoena, J., Matlakala, M., Randa, B., Young, A., 2018.Juta’s Complete Textbook of medical Surgical Nursing. 2nd edition. CapeTown. Juta and company (pty) Ltd.
• Hinkle, J.L., Cheever, H.K., 2010.Brunner and Suddarth’s textbook of medical surgical nursing.12th edition.Philadelphia.Wolters Kluwer.
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