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CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES - Coggle Diagram
CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES
CEREBRAL PALSY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
A neuronal migration deficiency may occur if a brain injury occurs before the 20th week of pregnancy.
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INTRODUCTION
Cerebral palsy is a motor, posture and muscle tone condition caused by trauma to the developing brain, which usually happens before birth.
NURSING CARE PLAN
Diagnosis
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lack of self-care related to muscle spasms, increased movement, and neurological changes
Risk for injury related to spasms, uncontrollable movements, and epilepsy
Nursing Intervention
Assist for emotional issues. During stressful moments, provide reassurance, approval, and motivation.
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Protect patient from injury. Provide a healthy space, suitable toys, and safety gear (helmet, kneepads) if required to prevent physical harm.
intensify family solidarity. Make use of the family's assets to positively affect the patient's welfare.
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DOWN SYNDROME
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Genes on chromosome 21 have been overexpressed in cells and tissues in Down syndrome patients, according to the gene-dosage effect theory, contributing to phenotypic anomalies.
Leukemia is more common in Down syndrome children, particularly transient myeloproliferative disease and acute megakaryocytic leukemia.
Reduced height, atlantooccipital and atlantoaxial hypermobility, and cervical vertebral malformations are all musculoskeletal symptoms of Down syndrome in patients.
INTRODUCTION
It is affected mainly by chromosome 21 trisomy, which results in a variety of systemic symptoms as part of the syndrome.
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NURSING CARE PLAN
Nursing Diagnosis
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Self-care deficits related to cognitive disability include bathing and grooming, washing, drinking, and toileting.
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Nursing Intervention
Make sure the patient is getting enough food. Assess the child's swallowing capacity, provide advice about how to feed the child properly, and provide good diet counselling.
Consultations can be held on a regular basis. Encourage parents to take their children and have their hearing and vision tested on a daily basis.
Examine the parent knowledge of Down syndrome. Educate parents on Down syndrome and how to care about an infant that has it.
Provide moral and motivational reinforcement. During these difficult moments, the family caregiver requires assistance; they need good encouragement and direction from the moment the infant is born.
SPINA BIFIDA
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Neuroectoderm thickens onto the neural plate during fetal formation, which folds into a neural groove by the time somites emerge.
The groove becomes the neural tube as it deepens and the dorsal fusion starts in the middle, extending cephalad and caudally until the 25th day, where the cephalad pole fuses.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
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dimple, small birthmark or tuft of hair on the skin
INTRODUCTION :Spina bifida is a condition in which the posterior laminae of the vertebrae fail to close, allowing the spinal meninges and spinal cord to protrude.
NURSING CARE PLAN
Diagnosis
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Inadequate information on the family or guardians identified with the complexities of really focusing on an infant with genuine neurologic and musculoskeletal imperfections.
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Nursing Intervention
Screen the infant's fundamental signs, neurologic signs, and conduct as often as possible; manage prophylactic anti-microbial as requested; do routine aseptic method;
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cover the sac with a sterile dressing soaked in a warm sterile arrangement and change it at regular intervals; the dressings might be covered with a plastic defensive covering
Maintain the health of the patient skin by putting a protective barrier to save feces from contaminating the skin,
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Encourage family members to touch and cuddle the newborn while taking appropriate care to ensure the defect's safety.
CAUSES :
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It is caused by a defect in the neural arch, which usually occurs in the lumbosacral area.
CLEFT PALATE/ CLEFT LIPS
NURSING CARE PLAN
Nursing Interventions
Aspiration of secretions or milk may induce tachypnoea, so check the infant's respiratory rate, depth, and effort.
Place the newborn in an upright position during feeding and raise the head of the crib by 30 degrees afterward to avoid milk aspiration.
To avoid spitting up and excessive air swallowing, feed the baby slowly and burp frequently.
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Before breastfeeding the baby, teach the mother how to rub her breasts and nipples.
Assess the parent's ability to feed the child with a defect and their approval of the procedures used, as well as their understanding of the defect, its origin, and form, pre-operative needs and treatment, and the infant's ability to swallow.
*Assist the family in setting short and long-term targets for the child, as well as emphasizing the importance of including the child in family events.
Encourage family members to participate in home rituals and satisfy the needs of the child to improve the child's sense of stability and belonging.
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The palate closes later than the lip during embryonic development, and failure to close can occur for a variety of reasons
The failure of the maxillary and premaxillary processes to fuse during the 5th to 8th week of intrauterine life causes cleft lip and palate defects
INTRODUCTION
Openings or breaks in the upper lip, the top of the mouth (palate), or both are known as cleft lip and cleft palate.
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