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Science, Model of Matter - The Particulate Nature of Mater, Repeated,…

- - - - In the periodic table, elements that are arranged in the same vertical column belong to the same group. elements in the same group have similar chemical properties
      - The names of elements are represented by chemical symbols
      - Elements that are arranged in the same horizontal row belong to the same period. As we move from left to right of a period, the properties of elements gradually change from those of metals to those of non metals
  - - - An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into two or more simpler substances by chemical method
  - - - The properties of a compound are usually different from the elements it is made up of
      - The elements that make up a compound are always combined in a fixed proportion by mass
      - A compound cannot be broken down by physical methods. this is because a compound is made up of different elements that are chemically combined
  - - - Suspensions
        
        Solutions
        
        Solute
      - Properties of mixture
        
        A mixture has the properties of the substances it is made of
        
        The components of mixtures are not mixed in any fixed proportions.
        
        When a mixture is formed, no chemical reaction occurs. Hence a mixture can be seperated easily by physical methods
- - - - wanting to know more about unexpected result he obsevered
      - Objectivity
        
        following the face and was not influenced by what was widely believed by others
        
        Perseverance
        
        stuck to the truth until the discovery was proven
        
        Open-Mindness
        
        willing to accept that something could happen contrary to popular belief
        
        Integrity
        
        never falsely reported his observation to fit his or anyone else's belief
  - - - pose questions to obtain more information and generate ideas
      - propose hypothesis to form a possible explanation for the observation
        
        this hypothesis needs to be further tested
    - - make observations to collect evidence by using our five senses
        
        sight
        
        touch
        
        smell
        
        hearing
        
        taste
    - - analyse the results
      - identify and evidence collected
      - conclusion
      - if our results are consistent with our hypothesis, we refine our hypothesis and test it again
    - - helps to interact and work together better
- - - - consists mostly of an empty space
    - - Nucleus
        
        the joined of nuetron and proton
      - Nuetron
        
        has an uncharged
        
        has a stong force that made it held together
      - Proton
        
        has positive charge
        
        have the same relative mass
      - Electron
        
        has negative charge
        
        move around the nucleus in fixed orbits or paths
  - - - Examples of molecule
        
        O3 Ozone
      - H2O water
      - N2 Nitrogen
- - - - Volume
        
        Measured by measuring cylinder and/or displacement can
      - Mass
        
        Measured by beam balance, electronic balance
      - Length
        
        Measured by metre rule, measuring tape, vernier calipers
    - - Whether a substance floats or sinks in another substance
- - - - Plant cell
        
        Chloroplast
        
        Contains the green pigment chlorophyll. The plants need chlorophyll to absorb energy from the sun to make food through photosynthesis.
        
        Cell wall
        
        Thick layer surroundings the cell membrane.
        Consist of a type of carbohydrate called cellulose.
        Supports the cell and gives it a regular shape
      - Parts of cell
        
        Nucleus
        
        Usually the largest structure in an animal cell Spherical shape
        Responsible for cell reproduction
        Control cell activicties including repair of worn out parts.
        Keeps the cell alive
        Contains genetic material called chromosomes.
        
        Chromosomes
        
        Long thread like structures found in the nucleas.
        Contain genes that carry genetic materials that determine heredity.
        Passed down from parent to off spring.
        
        Cytoplasm
        
        Jelly like substance
        Contains chemicals and organelles that carry out special functions.
        Serves as the site where many chemical reactions take place
        
        Vacuole
        
        Fluid filled space within the cytoplasm surrounded by membrane.
        Contains water and other nutrients needed for the living organism to survive.
        Usually small, numerous and temporary in an animal cell.
        Usually a single large space surrounded by a membrane in a plant cell.
        Contains a liquid called cell sap in a plant cell. Cell sap is made up of water and dissolved materials such as sugars and mineral salts.
        
        Cell membrane
        
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- - - - Bouncing of light off a surface
        
        Irregular reflection on rough surface
        
        Regular reflection on smooth surface
      - How the colour of an object appears to our eyes
    - - Bending of light as it travels from one medium to another
        
        Dispersion of white light
        
        Separation of light into it's component colours
- - - - Magnetic attraction
        
        food processing
        
        Salvaging of iron and steel
    - - filtration
        
        cofee makers
        
        water treatment
    - - evaporation
        
        to obtain drinking water
        
        to obtain purification of treated used water
        
        Microfiltration used in
      - distilation
    - - Paper Chromatography
        
        Finding out the dyes used in ink or food
- - - - Plants are classified into two main groups- flowering plants and non flowering plants
    - - Animals are classified into two main groups- animals with a backbone and animals without backbone
- - - - Vibrate about their fixed positions
  - - - A fixed, regular pattern
  - - - Has a higher density than liquids and gases
        
        Can't be compressed
        
        Particulate Nature of Matter as a Model
        
        Matter is made up of small discrete particles
        
        Particles of all matter are in constant and random motion
        
        All particles of one pure substance are identica
        
        When matter is heated, the particles gain energy and vibrate more vigorously
        
        When matter is cooled, the particles lose energy and vibrate less vigorously
        
        Example:
- - - - Able to slide past one another
  - - - Has a fixed volume
        
        Has a lower density than solid
  - - - No fixed, regular pattern
- - - - Able to move about freely over long distances
  - - - No fixed, regular pattern
  - - - Has the lowest density
        
        Can be compressed
    - - Liquid: Melting occurs when the melting point is reached
        
        Freezing: When a liquid is cooled, the particles lose energy and move much slower.
        
        Solid: At this point, the particles return to their fixed positions.
        
        Boiling: When a liquid is heated, the particles gain energy and vibrate more vigorously
        
        Gas: Boiling occurs when the boiling point is reached
        
        Condensation: When a gas is cooled, the particles lose energy and move much slower.
        
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