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Inflammatory conditions - Coggle Diagram

- - - - due to the absence of a lymphatic system the protective agents are limited to local phagocytic elements provided by the orbital reticular tissue;
      - due to tight compartments, the intraorbital pressure is raised which augments the virulence of infection causing early and extensive necrotic sloughing of the tissues; and
      - as in most cases the infection spreads as thrombophlebitis from the surrounding structures, a rapid spread with extensive necrosis is the rule.
  - - - . Exogenous infection. It may result from penetrating injury especially when associated with retention of intraorbital foreign body, and following operations like evisceration, enucleation, dacryocystectomy and orbitotomy.
      - 2 Extension of infection from neighbouring structures. These include paranasal sinuses, teeth, face, lids, intracranial cavity and intraorbital structures. It is the commonest mode of orbital infections.
      - Endogenous infection. It may rarely develop as metastatic infection from breast abscess, puerperal sepsis, thrombophlebitis of legs and septicaemia. Causative organisms. Those commonly involved are: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Haemophilus influenzae.
- - - - Ulceration of the epithelium; corneal infiltrate with no significant tissue loss; dense, suppurative stromal inflammation with indistinct edges; stromal tissue loss; and surrounding stromal edema
      - Anterior chamber reaction (cells and flare) with or without hypopyon
      - Folds in the Descemet membrane
      - Upper eyelid edema
      - Posterior synechiae
      - Surrounding corneal inflammation that is either focal or diffuse
      - Conjunctival hyperemia
      - Adherent mucopurulent exudate
      - Endothelial inflammatory plaque
  - - - Infectious Keratitis
      - Bacterial keratitis - including Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Moraxella, Nocardia, and Atypical Mycobacteria
      - Protozoal keratitis - including Acanthamoeba
    - - Non-infectious Keratitis
      - Local causes - includes trichiasis, giant papillae, foreign body in sulcus subtarsalis
      - Peripheral ulcerative keratitis
      - Neurotrophic corneal ulcer
- - - - Individual forms of uveitis may be distinguished on the basis of location within the eye, onset, symmetry and continuity of inflammation, associated complications, and distribution of cells along the corneal endothelium. The latter changes are known as keratic precipitates (picture 1). Both the size and distribution of keratic precipitates are helpful in the differential diagnosis. The diversity of keratic precipitates is especially appreciated by magnified images obtained with confocal microscopy [2].
      - Uveitis may be divided into four major subsets based upon the etiology of the inflammation (table 1A-D):
      - Infections
      - Systemic immune-mediated disease
      - Syndromes confined primarily to the eye
      - Masquerade syndromes